Attendance Monitoring with Payroll System

Participation MONITORING WITH PAYROLL SYSTEM FOR CYCLEMAR CALOOCAN CORPORATION A System Analysis and Design Project Presented to Quezon City Polytechnic University San Bartolome In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Information Technology by: Tahum, Marilyn T. Desuyo, Gilbert D. Co, Joseph Darwin C. Lim, Tom Angel L. Teacher : Mary Joy D. Vinas Professor : Elimar Ravina October 2011 SAD COORDINATOR AND IS’s HEAD ACCEPTANCE SHEET This System Analysis and Design Project entitled ATTENDANCE MONITORING WITH PAYROLL SYSTEM FOR CYCLEMAR CALOOCAN CORPORATION In the wake of having been suggested and affirmed is thusly acknowledged by the Information innovation Department of Quezon City Polytechnic University †San Bartolome ______________________ Ms. Lorena A. Tayamora SAD Coordinator ______________________ Ms. Maria Aura Impang IS Head October 3, 2011 PANEL’S APPROVAL SHEET This System Analysis and Design Project entitled ATTENDANCE MONITORING WITH PAYROLL SYSTEM FOR CYCLEMAR CALOOCAN CORPORATION created by: Desuyo, Gilbert D. Co, Joseph Darwin C. Lim, Tom Angel L. Tahum, Marilyn T. subsequent to having been introduced is thusly affirmed y the accompanying individuals from the board _____________________________________ Panelist October 3, 2011 October 3, 2011 ______________________ Lead Panelist October 3, 2011 Acknowledgment Above every one of, the advocates might want to thank the consistently cherishing God for giving them the astuteness and persistence to complete this exploration. The scientists might want to offer their sincerest thanks to their folks for their untiring help genuinely and monetarily. The advocates are likewise grateful to Professor Mary Joy D. Vinas for altering the primary, second and third parts of this exploration. Extraordinary gratitude to their folks, and companions who bolstered them. The defenders might want to stretch out their thankfulness to Cyclemar Caloocan Corporation who energetically coordinates for the said examination. To their colleagues who have given full help and confirmation, thank you for your time and exertion. To all the individuals who have been the instruments for the achievement of this exploration, much thanks!!! Unique Title:â€Å"ATTENDANCE MONITORING WITH PAYROLL SYSTEM† Proponents: GILBERT D. DESUYO JOSEPH DARWIN C. CO TOM ANGEL L. LIM MARILYN TAHUM Professor: Prof. Mary Joy Daniel Vinas Prof. Elimar Ravina Degree: Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Date Completed: October 2011 Statement of the Problem The CYCLEMAR CALOOCAN CORPORATION is an organization situated at tenth road Caloocan City. By leading an organization visit and meetings, the advocates discovered that the organization utilizes a Bundy check in their participation observing and utilizing a manual procedure for the finance. A difficult that is watched utilizing the manual framework is the exercise in futility or the speed of the procedure in every payslip. Another issue is a protected spot for record. From utilized time cards and payslips, the company’s staffs use records for the exchanges. As an answer for this, the advocates proposed an electronic framework to be assessed by Cyclemar. The defenders accept that the automated framework can offer answer for their issues. Through computerization, these observing can be prepared with sped up, since their sheer volume would effectively overpower any manual framework. In building up the framework, the advocates have accumulated the information, programming and equipment prerequisites that are vital for the assessment of the automated framework. Toward the finish of the examination, the defenders anticipate great outcomes toward the finish of the assessment. Theory There is critical distinction between the proposed and the current framework as far as precision, adequacy, unwavering quality, security and speed. Technique The advocates utilized polls for the social occasion of information required in deciding the issues met by the representatives of the Cyclemar Caloocan Corporation. Casual meeting, perceptions and genuine encounters of one of the advocates were additionally remembered for developing the poll. The poll comprised of models that measure the manual framework as far as precision, viability, unwavering quality, security and speed. The primary draft of the poll was submitted to the teacher of the defenders for redresses and recommendations. After the legitimacy and unwavering quality of the poll has been set up, the agents at that point looked for the endorsement of their Professor just as the Manager of the Cyclemar Caloocan Corporation to permit them to lead the examination. After the endorsement of these specialists, the proponents’ directed the surveys. When the study surveys were replied by the respondents, the defenders had assembled before the outcomes were counted for assessment and translation. The representatives of Cyclemar Caloocan Corporation were the respondents of this investigation. In discovering the issues, the workers and ordinary individuals were the wellspring of information. Then again, the workers were the ones to assess the presentation of the current and the proposed framework. Discoveries The discoveries of this investigation are introduced as follows: 1. The advocates discovered that the accompanying highlights ought to be remembered for the proposed framework to structure a framework that can give data storehouse to the Attendance Monitoring and Accounting exchanges in a mechanized configuration, and that is equipped for including, registering, altering, erasing workers, looking through records and producing reports: a. Simple access catches b. Search bars c. Realistic for the interface d. Synopsis/history of the finance exchanges e. Created reports f. Programmed calculation g. Distinctive degree of access h. Mistake messages for wrong information sources I. Rebuilding of database j. Back-up for database k. Easy route keys l. Database for username and secret phrase 2. The advocates discovered that 100% of the representatives accepted that programmed calculation and search bars ought to be remembered for the framework to dispense with the weight in finance exchanges and in looking and recovering employee’s records. Second to the most required highlights for the proposed framework is the programmed calculation where exact outcome will be registered in a brief timeframe. Also the defenders discovered that there is no noteworthy distinction between the proposed and the current framework as far as precision, adequacy, unwavering quality, security and speed. The processed t-estimation of the proposed and existing framework for the most part is more noteworthy than the basic worth; henceforth the invalid theory is dismissed. Ends The defenders reason that the most widely recognized issue of the organization is the speed for which 27% of the workers accepted that the framework is fast or 73% accepted that the current framework causes visit delays in the company’s finance exchanges. In the proposed framework wherein the representatives were the evaluator as far as the five standards expressed over, the number juggling weighted mean of speed increments from 2. 15 or â€Å"fair† in the current framework to 4. 2 or â€Å"excellent† in the proposed framework. It shows that the proposed framework will assist the representatives with handling participation application; reserve funds store exchange, withdrawal of investment funds exchange, credit endorsement exchange, and advance discharge and advance installment in an expedie nt manner. Suggestions Based on the discoveries and end got from this examination, the advocates post the accompanying proposals: 1. The Attendance Monitoring with Payroll arrangement of Cyclemar Caloocan Corporation will be actualized in the organization so the tedious and complex sign in/log-out of the workers will be rearranged and fast. . Advanced marks, for example, scanner tag peruser will be utilized to decide the employee’s character. 3. The finance of the workers in the Accounting area will be remembered for the framework. List of chapters Title Page †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I Acceptance Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii Approval Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦iii Dedication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv Acknowledgment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. vi Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. vii List of Tables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦xii List of Figures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xiv CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Foundation of the Study1 Organizational Directory 1. Authoritative Chart2 2. Obligations and Responsibility3 Objectives of the Study 10 1. General Objectives10 2. Explicit Objectives10 Significance of the Study11 Scope and Limitation13 Scopeof the Study13 Limitations of the Study13 Definition of Terms 14 CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Foreign and Local Literature16 Foreign and Local Studies18 Methodology of the Study20 1. Hypothetical Framework22 2. Theoretical Framework24 CHAPTER IIISYSTEM PLANNINGA. Portrayal of the Existing System27 1. Setting Diagram27 2. DFD Diagram28 B. Issue Definition30 1. Issue Description30 2. Foreseen Business Benefits30 3. Framework Capabilities31 C. Undertaking Feasibility32 1. Undertaking Development Cost32 2. Cost †Benefit Analysis33 a. Existing System33 b. Proposed System37 CHAPTER IVSYSTEM ANALYSISA. Data Gathering Tools and Techniques41 1. Questionnaire41 2. Meeting Guide41 B. Depiction of the Proposed System42 C. Framework Requirement Model421. Occasion Table42 2. Setting Diagr

Personal Ethics Statement Essay

My own morals articulation incorporates my qualities and thoughts critical to me as a scholarly and in regular day to day existence. My morals are close to home and characterize who I am as an individual. The choices and decisions I make each day ought to be steady with uprightness and regard toward others. These morals will guarantee any joy and harmony as I hold these qualities. I accept everybody ought to be equivalent. Approaching individuals with deference while considering myself responsible will guarantee I treat individuals as I need to be dealt with. My favored moral len is the ridiculous job either on me or by different implies that I have to give close consideration to my desires for other people. My desires may not be equivalent to other people. I should remember that I can’t control ever circumstance. What's more, that others are fit for settling issues. Confiding in different people’s decisions and choices will help conquer this vulnerable side. My quality remember fearlessness for the essence of deterrents. I can stay away from quick choices and simultaneously face anything troublesome. I esteem companionship and keep close association with individuals I trust. I value the individuals who work along close by and help to empower me. My shortcoming incorporate qualification, mercilessness and disarray. Accepting that I am qualified for extraordinary prividges and convince others. Mercilessness originate from expriece of individuals. I should rehearse care not to be befuddled. Recognizing my shortcoming is significant it considers improvement. My worth characterize me and my conduct or who I am. My conduct likewise influence others seeing someone either easygoing or proficient. The decisions I make and conduct reflect me. My own morals decide my course of activities permitting me to see clear. Investigating and delving profound into my own feelings will permit me to my choice I make. Keeping a transparent heart in all circumstances and rethinking my morals will take into consideration improvement and revisions. I accept these things will assist me with keeping center a nd settle on better choices and improve my life.

Interview Tips from an MIT Educational Counselor

Interview Tips from an MIT Educational Counselor I was an interviewer myself for many years before leading the Educational Council but think it would be helpful for you to hear some advice from a current interviewer named Nikki Springer. Here are some suggestions she has for you as you prepare for your interview: I can’t believe I graduated from MIT 10 years ago! Each time I am lucky enough to be back on campus it immediately feels like home, and I remember my own interview like it was yesterday. I’ve been an EC for six years and have interviewed 50+ applicants in the places work and life have taken me: Bentonville, Arkansas, Springfield, Missouri, Seattle, Shanghai, and New Haven, CT. I’m currently working on a joint MBA/PhD in Environmental Management at Yale and have been the Regional Coordinator for the New Haven, CT area for the past three years. Like most ECs, I LOVE interviewing applicants. It’s a unique and amazing way to stay connected to MIT and the students I meet are inspiring in so many different ways. Everyone at MIT genuinely wants your interview experience to be as low-stress and rewarding as possible, and to that regard, I’ve put together a list of tips for applicants based on interviews I have conducted. Remember that every interview will be unique, and that is what MIT wants, but these suggestions should help to alleviate a bit of nervousness regardless of where, when, and with whom your interview is with. 1. Don’t wait until the last minute to contact us. ECs know that the college application season is a stressful and busy time for applicants and that sometimes it can be hard to find a convenient time and place for your interview which is why the admissions office has deadlines for contacting your EC. While most of the applicants I have interviewed contact me before the deadlines, there is always a small rush of requests right before (or right after) the deadline. It’s in your best interest not to be part of that rush. If circumstances lead you to a last-minute request for an interview, try to be especially flexible in your availability, as your EC also has to scramble to accommodate you and have time to write your report before the application deadline. 2. Be nice in your emails â€" first impressions count. Your EC only has a very limited amount of time to get to know you and make a recommendation about you. This includes the email (or phone) communication to set up the interview. The vast majority of applicants are perfectly nice in their communication, but I’ve had a few experiences with applicants who are curt, demanding, or rude in their emails, or applicants who fail to demonstrate any sort of command of the English language, and I don’t hesitate to include that in my interview report. Remember that part of what ECs look for are NICE people, and this includes people who are nice in their correspondence. This is especially true if you are contacting your EC at the last minute and asking to be quickly accommodated. (See #1) 3. Dress nicely â€" but not too nicely. ECs know that the students we interview are real kids, and that is what we expect. I’ve interviewed students in three-piece suits with their hair slicked back and a briefcase under their arm â€" they look sharp, but overdressed. This is not an interview for a Wall Street bank. I’ve also interviewed students who look like they have just rolled out of bed after a night of too much fun. If you shouldn’t wear it to the grocery store, you shouldn’t wear it to your college interview. It’s perfectly ok to wear the same clothes you wore to school that day, whether that is a uniform with a blazer, your team jersey and sneakers, or jeans and a non-offensive t-shirt. 4. Bring something cool. I always encourage the students I interview to bring something they are proud of to share with me. I have had applicants bring editions of their school newspaper or literary magazines that have articles they have written, laptops to show me websites they have built or movies they have made, engineering projects they are tinkering with when they should be doing homework, and yearbooks that include photos or layouts they have worked on. It often seems to help break the ice when we have something physical to discuss, and it makes you, the applicant, much more memorable to us, especially when we have a number of interviews in a short period of time. If you do bring a “show-and-tell” object, though, make sure you are prepared to talk about it. Being able to present and discuss your work will be a huge and important skill in college and beyond, and presenting something cool to your EC is a great opportunity to practice. Remember that your EC may or may not have any idea about the fields you are most interested in (or they may be an expert!!), so prepare for both scenarios. Being able to explain something to someone outside of your field is critical as you begin applying for grants, fellowships, or pitching projects to clients. We call this the “grandmother test” â€" can you explain your highly technical work to your grandmother in a way that she will understand? Of course, if your grandmother went to MIT than that question takes on a whole new meaning… It certainly isn’t a requirement that you bring anything, but if you have something special to share, I highly recommend it. Note â€" if you are formally submitting artwork or other materials in conjunction with your application, the interview is not a substitute for that. Feel free to bring and/or share these things with your EC, but make sure you also follow instructions from the admissions office about how to officially submit that material. 5. Every interview will be different, and there is no “right” answer. Hopefully you know this already, but ECs don’t have a standard set of questions we ask each applicant. There are no math problems to solve and there is no way to ‘study’ for the interview. Each EC has his/her own style and each interview will have its own vibe. Don’t rely on friends or classmates to tell you what their interview was like â€" yours will be different. Some interviews flow naturally as a conversation, while others take on a more traditional question and answer format. Either is ok and not a judgment on the applicant. If you are asked a series of questions, however, avoid one-word answers â€" the more in-depth and genuine the information you provide us is, the better our report will be. The best way to prepare for an interview is to review the things that YOU want to talk about. I often ask the applicants I interview “What else would you like the admissions office to know about you?” This is a great opportunity for you to fill in and round out your application with information that doesn’t seem to fit elsewhere, but only if you come prepared to share that with us. Make sure you feel confident answering probably the two most common interview questions: (1) Why do you want to go to MIT? And (2) Tell me about yourself. 6. It’s ok to Google us. But not too much. ECs know we are part of the digital world and social media. It’s no surprise that most applicants I interview have Googled me and know a bit about my major, year of graduation, that I completed my master’s at the “other” school in Cambridge, etc. If you can smoothly work in some questions regarding our background, more power to you, but don’t feel the need to compare yourself to us, and don’t dwell on our own backgrounds. However, avoid questions that ask us to directly compare MIT to another institution that we may have attended, regardless of whether or not you may be submitting an application there as well. Also, please refrain from sending us friend requests on Facebook and/or connection requests on Linked In during the application cycle. I’ve known applicants and ECs who have become friends and/or kept in touch for many years, but it’s best to wait until after the application decisions have been made before continuing this relationship. 7. Don’t bring paperwork â€" most ECs take notes. ECs are not supposed to know your grades or test scores, or see recommendation letters from teachers or coaches. Our assessment of your application is to be based only on our interview experience with you. Most ECs will take notes during the interview, and that is to be expected, but please refrain from bringing copies of transcripts, test scores, and the like. Some students bring a small resume/CV with a listing of extra-curricular activities, which is fine (but not required), but please remove any grades or test scores before your interview. 8. Come prepared with questions for us. The interview is really more of a two-way conversation than a formal interview, and we are happy to answer questions from students. Feel free to ask us about the classes we took, how we decided what to major in, where we lived, our activities, if we missed home, etc. Keep in mind that every EC is different and that things at the Institute continue to change, so no two MIT experiences are completely alike, but we wouldn’t be ECs if we didn’t enjoy sharing our own MIT experiences. If you do ask questions, however, make sure they are intelligent ones that show you have done at least a little bit of research on MIT. You don’t need to know everything about the UROP program, for example, but a question like “Are there any opportunities for undergraduates to participate in research?” tells us you have hardly looked at the website. Just like you wouldn’t go to a job interview and ask what the company does, don’t come to your MIT interview and ask overly simplistic questions. Th is is a time for you to help learn whether MIT might be a good fit for you, so help yourself make the most of it. 9. Try not to be too nervous â€" but we understand if you are. Every EC knows that the college application process is a stressful one, and that all applicants are nervous during the interview. It’s ok â€" if you weren’t nervous at all, we would likely think you were either (1) overly confident; or (2) not that interested in MIT. My advice is not to let it get the best of you. If you are asked a question and need a moment to think before you respond, that’s ok. If you start to ramble and realize you are off on a tangent, that’s ok â€" pause for a minute, smile, and start again. I would rather an applicant tell me upfront “I’m really nervous,” than to try to hide it and stammer through the interview. Remember that all ECs, regardless of our age, background, or occupation, are all volunteering to conduct interviews because we believe that MIT is an amazing place and we want to help the next generation of MIT students succeed.

International Arbitration After Pursue Remedies - 1157 Words

Article 21.2 permits investors to opt for international arbitration after pursuing remedies in domestic courts, but not to engage in local remedies during or subsequent to investment arbitration. If the investor submits a claim to international arbitration, it must waive its rights to continue or initiate a claim based on the same measure in domestic courts. This means domestic courts have the opportunity to provide redress for wrongs before they are raised at the international level. Investors may continue or initiate claims at the domestic level following submission of a claim at international level in cases where the investor seeks â€Å"injunctive, declaratory or other extraordinary relief.† This waiver clause is contained in many BITs and†¦show more content†¦However, the provision serves an important purpose, which is to limit duplicative decisions on the same issue. This purpose is evident in the decisions of tribunals, which will now be examined. In Waste Management v United Mexican States, following a dispute between the investor and the government of Mexico, the investor filed the claim and supplied a waiver which included a sentence that stated that the waiver did not apply to any ongoing dispute in domestic courts surrounding violations of law other than NAFTA, including Mexican law. Mexico pointed to ongoing legal proceedings in domestic Mexican courts and argued that the waiver was insufficient. The investor countered that scope of the waiver is limited to NAFTA, and thus it was not required to abandon domestic proceedings based on a violation of domestic law. The tribunal rejected this argument and acknowledged that while it might be possible in some instances for proceedings to exist at domestic level that did not relate to those in NAFTA arbitration, the tribunal found that in this case, the different claims were based on the same measure. Because the purpose of the waiver is to prevent â€Å"double benefit† for the same measure, the tribunal found that the

The History of Cable Cars and Electric Streetcars

San Franciscan Andrew Smith Hallidie patented the first cable car on January 17, 1861, sparing many horses the excruciating work of moving people up the citys steep roadways. Using metal ropes he had patented, Hallidie devised a mechanism by which cars were drawn by an endless cable running in a slot between the rails which passed over a steam-driven shaft in the powerhouse. The First Cable Railway After gathering financial backing, Hallidie and his associates constructed the first cable railway. The track ran from the intersection of Clay and Kearny Streets along 2,800 feet of track to the crest of a hill 307 feet above the starting point. At 5:00 on the morning of August 1, 1873, a few nervous men climbed aboard the cable car as it stood on the hilltop. With Hallidie at the controls, the car descended and arrived safely at the bottom. Given San Franciscos steep terrain, the cable car came to define the city. Writing in 1888, Harriet Harper declared: If anyone should ask me what I consider the most distinctive, progressive feature of California, I should answer promptly: its cable car system. And it is not alone its system which seems to have reached a point of perfection, but the amazing length of the ride that is given you for the chink of a nickel. I have circled this city of San Francisco, I have gone the length of three separate cable lines (by means of the proper transfers) for this smallest of Southern coins. The success of the San Francisco line led to the expansion of that system and the introduction of street railways in many other cities. Most U.S. municipalities had abandoned horse-drawn cars for electrically powered cars by the 1920s. The Omnibus The first mass transportation vehicle in America was an omnibus. It looked like a stagecoach and was pulled by horses. The first omnibus to operate in America began running up and down Broadway in New York City in 1827. It was owned by Abraham Brower, who also helped organize the first fire department in New York. There had long been horse-drawn carriages in America to take people where they wanted to go. What was new and different about the omnibus was that it ran along a certain designated route and charged a very low fare. People who wanted to get on would wave their hands in the air. The driver sat on a bench on top of the omnibus at the front, like a stagecoach driver. When people who were riding inside wanted to get off the omnibus, they pulled on a little leather strap. The leather strap was connected to the ankle of the person who was driving the omnibus. Horse-drawn omnibuses ran in America cities from 1826 until about 1905. The Streetcar The streetcar was the first important improvement over the omnibus. The first streetcars were also pulled by horses, but the streetcars rolled along special steel rails that were placed in the middle of the roadway instead of traveling along regular streets. The wheels of the streetcar were also made of steel, carefully manufactured in such a way so they would not roll off the rails. A horse-drawn streetcar was much more comfortable than an omnibus, and a single horse could pull a streetcar that was larger and carried more passengers. The first streetcar began service in 1832 and ran along Bowery Street in New York. It was owned John Mason, a wealthy banker, and built by John Stephenson, an Irishman.  Stephensons New York company would become the largest and most famous builder of horse-drawn streetcars. New Orleans became the second American city to offer streetcars in 1835. The typical American streetcar was operated by two crew members. One man, a driver, rode up front. His job was to drive the horse, controlled by a set of reigns. The driver also had a brake handle that he could use to stop the streetcar. When streetcars got bigger, sometimes two and three horses would be used to haul a single car. The second crew member was the conductor, who rode at the back of the car. His job was to help passengers get on and off the streetcar and to collect their fares. He gave the driver a signal when everyone was on board and it was safe to proceed, pulling on a rope that was attached to a bell that the driver could hear at the other end of the car.   Hallidie’s Cable Car The first major attempt to develop a machine that could replace horses on Americas streetcar lines was the cable car in 1873. Converting streetcar lines from horse cars to cable cars required digging a ditch between the rails and building a chamber under the track from one end of the line to the other. This chamber was called a vault. When the vault was finished, a small opening was left at the top. A long cable was placed inside the vault. The cable ran under city streets from one end of  the streetcar line to the other. The cable was spliced into a big loop and was kept moving by a huge steam engine with massive wheels and pulleys located in a powerhouse at the side of the street. The cable cars themselves were equipped with a device that extended down below the car into the vault and allowed the operator of the car to latch onto the moving cable when he wanted the car to go. He could release the cable when he wanted the car to stop. There were many pulleys and wheels inside the vault to make sure the cable was able to go around corners, as well as up and down hills. Although the first cable cars ran in San Francisco, the largest and busiest fleet of cable cars was in Chicago. Most large American cities had one or more cable car lines by 1890. Trolley Cars Frank Sprague  installed a complete system of electric streetcars in Richmond, Virginia, in 1888. This was the first large-scale and successful use of electricity to run a citys entire system of streetcars. Sprague was born in Connecticut in 1857. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1878 and began a career as a naval officer. He resigned from the navy in 1883 and went to work for Thomas Edison. Many cities turned to electric-powered streetcars after 1888. To get electricity to the streetcars from the powerhouse where it was generated, an overhead wire was installed over streets. A streetcar would touch this electric wire with a long pole on its roof. Back at the powerhouse, big steam engines would turn huge generators to produce the electricity needed to operate the streetcars. A new name was soon developed for streetcars powered by electricity: trolley cars.

Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour Free Essays

ITM 440- ­? 540 Introduc0on to Data Networking and the Internet 03/03/12 1 Router Architectures †¢? There are 3 steps a router must follow to process and forward a packet to the next hop. –? Check an incoming packet for errors and other parameters –? Look up the des0na0on address in a forwarding table to determine the proper output port for the packet –? Send the packet out the port 03/03/12 2 Router like a Train Roundhouse 03/03/12 3 Router Architecture †¢? Rou0ng can be implemented using soKware based forwarding –? e. g small dsl router, linux box, etc †¢? Hardware Based –? These are larger routers ith forwarding fabric architectures. We will write a custom essay sample on Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢? ISP routers , Internet backbone, etc 03/03/12 4 Basic Hardware Routers †¢? Routers are very much like computers. –? CPU’s †¢? Several types used not necessarily as powerful as pc –? NVRAM (Flash Memory) †¢? Stores router con? gura0ons –? DRAM †¢? Shared working storage –? ROM †¢? Bootstrap for router OS 03/03/12 5 03/03/12 6 Larger Internet Routers †¢? Fundamental principle is that the func0ons of a router can be split into two dis0nct parts –? Rou0ng and control †¢? Handles protocols, management of router, etc –? Forwarding packets †¢? Handles actual forwarding f packets †¢? Many packets go straight through this func0on 03/03/12 7 03/03/12 8 Router Access †¢? Console Port –? Port for a serial terminal that is the loca0on as the router and is a]ached by a short cable from the serial port on the terminal to the console port on the router (replaced by RJ45) 03/03/12 9 Con sole Port 03/03/12 10 Router Access †¢? Auxiliary Port –? Port for a serial communica0on that is a remote loca0on 03/03/12 11 Router Access 03/03/12 12 Router Access †¢? Network –? Can always be managed over the same network onwhich it is rou0ng packets 03/03/12 13 03/03/12 14 Forwarding Table Lookups †¢? Longest Match Rule –? Allows a router to determine the best route based on granularity of the masked address. –? Used when a network ID is found to match more than one subnet mask –? The longest match rule is implemented because the longer the mask found, the be]er granularity the router has in exactly de? ning the correct route. –? It is oKen called the best match or the more speci? c route for a given des0na0on 03/03/12 15 †¢? Example: †¢? – Received datagram of 200. 40. 1. 1 †¢? – Route table lookup found two entries: –? 200. 40. 1. 0/24 –? 200. 40. 0. 0/16 †¢? – Route would use he 200. 40. 1. 0/24 03/03/12 16 03/03/12 17 Dual Protocol Stacks †¢? Hosts can have dual protocol stacks –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x800 the packet is hando? to the IPv4 process –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x86DD the packet is handed o? to the IPv6 process 03/03/12 18 03/03 /12 19 Tunneling †¢? Tunneling occurs whenever the normal sequence of encapsula0on headers is violated †¢? Four types of tunnels –? Host to router –? Put a frame into a frame and violate the normal OSI- ­? RM sequence of headers –? Router to router †¢? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets to a dual tack router that is only reachable over a series IPv4 only device †¢? Routers with duel stack capability can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other routers 20 03/03/12 Tunneling †¢? Router to host –? Routers with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to a duel stack des0na0on host †¢? Host to Host –? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other duel stack IP hosts without an intervening router 03/03/12 21 03/03/12 22 Tunneling †¢? The ?rst two methods is when an IPv6 packet is sent to a router nd the endpoint of the tunnel is not the same des0na0on †¢? The last two methods send the encapsulated IPv6 packet directly to the des0na0on host so the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses used correspond to the same host –? The source host or router must have the tunnel’s address con? gured –? This is called con? gured tunneling 03/03/12 23 Automa0c Tunneling †¢? Does not require special con? gura0on †¢? Uses a special form of the IPv6 address †¢? All duel stack IP hosts recognize the format and encapsulate the IPv6 packet inside an IPv4 packet using the embedded IPv4 address, crea0ng an end to end tunnel ? Hosts that only run IPv6 can also duel stack routers to communicate using a special form of the IPv6 03/03/12 24 03/03/12 25 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? Manually con? gure tunnels –? De? ned in RFC 2893 and both endpoints of the tunnel must have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses †¢? Generic Rou0ng Encapsula0on (GRE) tunnels –? Designe d to transport non- ­? IP protcols over IP network †¢? IPv4 compa0ble (6over4) tunnels –? Also de? ned in RFC 2893 these are automa0c tunnels based on IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 addresses using the :: (Pv4 address) form of IPv6 address 03/03/12 26 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? 6to4 unnels –? Another form of automa0c tunnel de? ned in RFC 3065. They use and IPv4 embedded in the IPv6 address to iden0fy the tunnel endpoint †¢? Intra- ­? site Automa0c Tunnel Addressing Protcol (ISATAP) –? Mechanism much like 6to4 tunneling but for local site networks. Uses a special pre? x and the IPv4 address to iden0fy the endpoint 03/03/12 27 6to4 and ISATAP tunnel addressing showing how the 128 bits of the IPv6 address Are structured in each case. (a) 6to4 (b) ISATAP 03/03/12 28 Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? Terminology used for IPv4 to IPv6 transi0on plans for nodes –? IPv4 only node: host or outer that implements only IPv4 –? IPv6/IPv4 (duel) node: A ho st or router that implements both IPv4 and IPv6 –? IPv6 only node: A host or router that implements only IPv6 –? IPv6 node: A host or router that implements IPv6 –? IPv4 node: A host or router that implements IPv4 †¢? Includes IPv6 only and duel node 03/03/12 29 †¢? Includes IPv4 only and duel node Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? The plan also de? nes three types of addresses –? IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 address †¢? An address assigned to an IPv6 node that can be used in both IPv6 and IPv4 packets –? IPv4 mapped IPv6 address †¢? An address mapped o an IPv4 only node represented as an IPv6 address –? IPv6 only address †¢? An address globally assigned to any IPv4/IPv6 only node 03/03/12 30 Ques0ons 03/03/12 31 03/03/12 32 Q1 †¢? 1. Which router, based on the architecture in the ?gure, is probably a small site router? Which is probably a large Internet backbone router? †¢? Although architectures vary, the router wi th only memory is likely to be a smaller site router. The router with separate hardware forwarding and control plane is likely the backbone router. 03/03/12 33 Q2 †¢? 2. Which output interface, based on the rou0ng table shown in he ?gure, will packets arriving from the directly a]ached host for IPv4 address 10. 10. 11. 1 use for forwarding? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 64 is 0100 0000, 128 is 1000 0000, and 11 is 0000 1011. All three routes match the ?rst 16 bits. The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (00) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 34 Q3 †¢? 3. Which output interface will packets for 10. 10. 192. 10 use? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 192 is 1100 0000. Again, all three routes match the ?rst 16 bits. The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (11) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is again the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 35 Q4 †¢? 4. Is 6to4 tunneling automa0c? How many bits will be used for the subnet iden0? er? †¢? Yes, 6to4 automa0c tunnels are de? ned in RFC 3065. Sixteen bits are used for subnet ID. See Figure 9- ­? 9. 03/03/12 36 Q5 †¢? 5. Do the routers require IPv6 support to deliver packets between the two hosts? †¢? No. If IPv6 is not supported on the routers, 6to4 tunneling can be used to deliver packets. 03/03/12 37 How to cite Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour, Papers

Developing B2B Social Communities

Question: Discuss about the Report on Developing B2B Social Communities? Answer: Introduction This particular assignment mainly deals with the concept of food business and food marketing. The name of the company in this particular assignment is Food Retailers (Baines, Fill Page, 2011). Food Retailers one of the most popular food retail companies across entire United Kingdom. This particular company is an arbitrary company mainly deals with different kinds of food items. This particular company mainly deals with different kinds of packaged food as well as dry food. This particular company is one of the most popular company is very much popular in entire Europe and organized its business across all the major cities of the work. Food industry is generally exists in the perfectly competitive market formation. The features of perfectly competitive market formation are different and unique from each other. All the companies doing business in the perfectly competitive market formation face the majority of the challenges. The food retail sector as well as the food retail industry is one of the vast retail sector management. Prospect of the industry The entire food industry is one of the most popular and growing industry across the world. The United Kingdom food industry as well as the United Kingdom Retail management comprises of over 21200 food stores in entire United Kingdom. The entire food sector in United Kingdom is divided into many sectors and retail chains (Baines, Fill Page, 2011). The entire food and retail management sector is one of the most vast retail sector management and the average growth rate of this entire industry is 5.6% as per the latest statistical report (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). The rapid growth in the entire food industry since from the year 2000 was remarkable in entire United Kingdom. Due to increase in the raise in the completion level all the companies has adopted different kinds of pricing decisions and pricing decision as well as the pricing strategies. This particular food sector comprises nearly 45% of the entire food industry in entire United Kingdom. Development of Food Sector Industry Year Total Sales Percentage of change in sales Percentage of total Sales 2000 57,253,522 52.33% 45.25% 2001 58,555,854 53.25% 46.27% 2002 60,545,558 55.96% 47.30% 2003 68,548,552 57.33% 49.22% 2004 71,565,525 59.55% 51.58% 2005 73,548,232 65.55% 52.45% 2006 75,258,855 69.22% 55.85% 2007 77,522,858 71.22% 57.28% 2008 79,625,254 75.23% 59.25% 2009 81,52,525 77.23% 61.85% 2010 87,53,550 73.33% 63.49% Table 1: Development of Food Sector Industry and Prospect of the industry (Source: Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013) Figure 1: Development of Food Sector Industry and Prospect of the industry (Source: Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013) Demographical factors of United Kingdom Demographical factor is one of the most important factors of any kinds of business. The demographics factor is related with the study of population. United Kingdom is one of the largest Empires in the entire world (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). Different kinds of people reside from each part of the world with different cultural background (Baines, Fill Page, 2011). The prospect of entire food market in United Kingdom is very much diversified. This is due to the cultural factors of the country as in United Kingdom people come and join from different sectors with different cultural background (Smith Murphy, 2012). However, several strategic issues are present as per the demographic factors of the firm. Consumption and expenditure of the people in United Kingdom In entire United Kingdom, different kinds of people come from different kinds of cultural backgrounds (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). There are many sectors in the food and retail management to identify the growth of opportunities. As per the latest statistical report of the year 2012, the consumption expenditure of the food market in entire United Kingdom is mentioned in the following tables and graphs (Stevens, 2007). Food items Age Range Percentage of uses Sugar Products 18-25 years 25.33 Vegetables 25-32 years 27.25 Red Meat 18-33 years 29.22 Milk and Dairy Products 25-45years 35.69 Fish Products 25-50years 23.33 Oil Products 15-35years 17.23 Tea 15-55years 77.25 Coffee 15-60years 78.23 Nodules 5-35years 81.25 Fruits 5-70years 91.25 Cheese Products 15-35years 87.25 Fruit Juice 5-55years 83.25 Ice Cream Products 5-75years 95.69 Pulses and Nuts 15-65years 85.33 Table1: Popularity of the food items (Source: Developed by the Author) Table1: Popularity of the food items (Source : Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011) From the above chat, the percentage of food items uses in the entire United Kingdom is mentioned (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). The researcher of this statistical report has developed different kinds of research strategies as well as research methodology in order to conclude about the demand and supply of the food items in entire United Kingdom. The researcher has developed different kinds of data collection method in order to collected proper information in order to support the statistical survey (Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011). The majority of the people in United Kingdom preferred dairy products followed by packaged products such nodules, cheese products, fruit products, ice cream products, pulses and nuts, etc (Schneible, 2015). Development of Corporate Strategies with respect to strategic management issues Several strategic issues can occur in the respective business environment. At present, there are four kinds of marketing structure in the entire market. The four kinds of market formation are perfectly competitive market formation, monopoly market formation, monopolistic market formation and oligopoly market formation. All the features of all the market formation differs from each other. The majority of the food industry as well as retail industry exist in the perfectly competitive market formation. The features of the perfectly competitive market formation are unique and different as compared with other marketing structure. The most important part of this particular market formation is all the buyers as well as all the sellers buyers and sells a homogenous product (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). The meaning of the word homogenous is any particular product, which is easily available in the market. Another part to be noted in this particular market sector the entry and exits of any par ticular firm is free. Ay firm can start a business at any point of time. In the entire United Kingdom, the options of all the buyers in the entire food retail sectors are well diversified (Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011). The majority of the challenges faced by the entire retail firm are in the perfectly competitive market formation. The purchasing as well as the buying decisions of the buyers in this particular market is more diversified. If any particular group of buyers is not satisfied with any particular product of any particular brand, the entire group of customers will easily shift to the next best alternative brand in order to fulfill the requirements. The business strategies need to be develop properly in order to meet the requirements. Some of the most important business strategies are mentioned below (Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011). Pricing Strategies Pricing Strategy is one of the most important strategies in the entire marketing structure. The mode of pricing strategy can be considered to be an important issue for the given business organizations. Different kinds of firms adopt different kinds of pricing strategies. There are many kinds of factors, which are involved in the pricing strategies (Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012). The most important factor, which is involved in the entire pricing strategy, is the customer buying decision (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). The pricing factors influence the entire purchasing decision of the customers. Goddy Mill is a particular company, which exits in the perfectly competitive market formation (Kubacki Rundle-Thiele, 2012). This particular company needs to construct all the strategies mainly the pricing strategies by analyzing the demand and supply of the market. The entire food retail management in the United Kingdom exits in the perfectly competitive market formation (Schneible, 2015). Different kinds of Customers spending in food and retail sector Food Items Percentage of uses Groceries 56% Home Cooking 42% Outside Eating 34% Vacation Travel 41% Table 1: Customers spending in food and retail sector (Source: Developed by the Author) Figure 2: Customers spending in food and retail sector (Source : Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012) To avoid the strategic business issue of the firm, there is several business strategies, that the firm can implement. These are as follows:- Consumer Behavior strategies There are different kinds of Consumer Decision strategies are implemented in by this particular company in this market formation (Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012). There are many factors, which effects the buying decisions of the customers. In a perfectly competitive market formation all, the options of the buyers are diversified (Kotler, Kartajaya Hooi, 2007). There are different kinds of customer demands and wants in the entire marketing structure. On the other hand, it is not possible for every seller to fulfill all the demands and wants of each buyer at a single point if time (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). The majority of the firms including this particular company need to develop all the strategies as per the requirements of the buyers and the market (Lilleker, 2013). Customer Retention Strategies In a perfectly competitive market, structure the majority of the challenges faced by all the companies to maintain the customer retention policy (Palmer, 2011). As mentioned in a perfectly competitive market formation the majority of the buyers get all the purchasing option in a much-diversified manner (Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012). The pricing decision is made as per the demands and supply of the market. The concept of customer retention policy is the concept of repurchasing (Thorson Duffy, 2012). The majority of the company including Goddy mills tries to follow unique features in order to maintain the customer retention policy in the market (Harden Heyman, 2011). In order to maintain a proper customer retention policy the firms adopt the different kinds of research work as well as different kinds of research methodology in order to gather the complete information about the demand and supply of the market (Harden Heyman, 2011). In a particular market, there are different kind s of customers demands and different kinds of customers want. On the other hand, it is not possible for each firm to meet all the requirements of the customers as the demand of the are in continuous manner (Kotler, Kartajaya Hooi, 2007). All the decisions and all the requirements should be made by Goddy Mills in order to maintain a good customer retention policy and to construct the entire marketing plans as per the requirements of the market (Lilleker, 2013). Challenges and major issues in the corporate business management Challenges are the integrated part of every business. Depending upon the nature of the business different minds of challenges and barriers occurs in an organization (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). There are different kinds of challenges faced by the company in a market (Daniel, 2012). Some of the major challenges, which are faced by all the companies, in general are discussed in a much-diversified manner. Integrity and change management Integrity means gathering all the activities of the activities in the organization by maintaining all the resources of the organization and by following all the laws and ethics (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). Due to increase in the level of competition, it is not possible for all the companies to maintain all the rules and regulations of the organization by following all the ethics of the organization. It is one of the major challenges faced by all the companies in the modern day business and proceedings (McKinley, 2012). Increase in the level of competition The second major problem in the increase in number of firms doing similar kinds of business in the market. This particular assignment is based on the retail management and food industries. All the firms who are involved in this particular business all exits in the perfectly competitive market formation. The features of the perfectly competitive market formation are unique and different for each other (Daniel, 2012). Different kinds of challenges faced by the companies in this particular market formation. The level of competition is much higher as compared with kinds of market formation. It becomes very difficult for all the companies to maintain the same level of business (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Maintaining customer Loyalty and customer services In a perfectly competitive market formation, there are different kinds of problems faced by the business firm in order to continue business. The options of the buyers are more diversified in this particular market formation (Harden Heyman, 2011). Maintaining the customer retention policy is the major challenge faced by the company. In order to maintain a strong customer retention policy the company needs to arrange all the policies of the business according to the requirements of the customers. If the customers are satisfied with the service of the company the company will surly able to maintain a customer retention policy. Customer Loyalty is the most important factor in the entire market (Daniel, 2012). Every company wants to develop different kinds of unique business strategies in order to maintain a good customer retention policy (McKinley, 2012). Rationale and creativity of the company This particular case study mainly deals with all the products and services of Goddy Mills. Goddy Mills is one of the most popular food and retail chain management in the entire United Kingdom. Generally, all the food industry and food sector management falls under the perfectly competitive market formation (Eid, 2013). The features of the perfectly competitive market formation are unique as well as different from each other. There are different kinds of corporate strategies are developed by the business firm in order to compete in the market. In a perfectly competitive market formation all the buyers and sellers buys and sells different kinds of homogenous products (Murphy, Laczniak Prothero, 2012). The meaning of the word homogenous is any kinds of products are easily available in the entire market (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Different kinds of major challenges that every business firms faced in the daily proceedings of the business are discussed in a much-diversified manner in this particular assignment. Most importantly, the demographic factors are mentioned in a much-diversified manner, which will help all the major companies to conclude about the taste and preferences of the market (Murphy, Laczniak Prothero, 2012). This particular case study as well as this particular assignment will help different companies in order to construct different plans and proceedings in the entire marketing structures (Tieman Che Ghazali, 2013). Organizational Structure Organizational Structure and Processes, Information systems and the management of relationships are important to organize for strategic success. The structure of an organization should be clear and its best structure depends upon its member. It helps to organize for strategic success. The structure of an organization helps to increase its productivity, increase employee satisfaction as well as improve the operating costs. It allows identifying the positions within an organization (Camenisch Gro, 2012). The processes of the organization categorize a team to support the structure in place for efficient execution of strategy. It makes a shared understanding of the existing realism to ground the strategic discussion as well as process in realism. Information system is the crucial factor in the process of handling the problems and making decisions (He, Song and Chaudhry, 2013). The structure of the organization balances the complexity of the strategy with the challenges in its implementation. One of the successful tools is to be considered available to the company to its structure of the organizations (He, Song Chaudhry, 2013). The priorities of the strategy are to be reflected in the structure of the organization. The strategy requires centralized control and decentralized its flexibility. It designed to encourage the development of the product and generates its competence through consistency. The configuration of the organization designed to maintain the priorities that are necessary by the strategy (Krlak Strumio, 2011). A major modification in the strategy accomplishes by its change in its structure. From the viewpoint of information system, it is necessary to remember the areas of the activity of the business that contribute to the successful of the strategy. The corporate governance, development of product as well as marketing plays an important role in the strategic ways that it must be one domain of activity that are the sources of the success of strategy (Kuznetsov, 2014). These all are the dependent on the effective information system and it manages the information related to business. Mainly, the relationship between the information system as well as the management helps to build a good strategy for the organization. Information system provides the management as well as other personnel up to date information regarding the performance of the organization such as the companys current inventory as well as its sales (Lima, Sali Kostic, 2013). Specially, the information system is designed within an organization to capture and transmit its information that is used in more proce ss of the business. The strategic information system develops the business initiatives. It intends to give competitive advantage in the organization. It helps the company to store and transfer the information they create (Wen, 2014). It offers the company the tools to help in their information repositories, also allows them to recognize the growth in opportunities and improves their operational efficiency. The management information system is the key factor to facilitate its efficient decision-making within an organization (Yuan Akey, 2013). It extends that the information system implements a successful decisions in the company. The management also distracts from its strategy by the chances that repeatedly explode. Therefore, the relationship among the information system as well as the management of the company helps to build a good strategy for the organization (ZHANG, 2012). This particular assignment mainly deals with the business policy of the f(Tieman Che Ghazali, 2013). This particular company mainly deals with retail and food industry management in entire United Kingdom (Eid, 2013). This particular company falls under the perfectly competitive market formation. There are different kinds of corporate challenges faced by this particular company. Different kinds of innovative and strategic decisions are made by the companies in order to develop different kinds of business strategies, which will help to compete in the market and to find different kinds solutions to solve some specific market problems (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Conclusion This particular assignment mainly deals with a company named as Goddy Mills. Different kinds of invocative policies are developed by this particular company in order to compete in the market. The features of the perfectly competitive market formation in this particular market formation. Different kinds of corporate challenges as well as corporate strategies are mentioned in this particular assignment. This particular assignment will help this particular company in order to develop different kinds of strategies and market polices in order to compete in the market. Reference List Baines, P., Fill, C., Page, K. (2011).Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brooks, M., Lovett, J., Creek, S. (2013).Developing B2B social communities. [Place of publication not identified]: CA Technologies Press. Caudevilla-Galligo, F., Riba, J., Ventura, M., Gonzalez, D., Farre, M., Barbanoj, M., Bouso, J. (2012). 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): presence in the recreational drug market in Spain, pattern of use and subjective effects.Journal Of Psychopharmacology,26(7), 1026-1035. doi:10.1177/0269881111431752 Daniel, S. (2012).Principles of marketing. [S.l.]: Kendall Hunt. Eid, R. (2013).Managing customer trust, satisfaction, and loyalty through information communication technologies. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Harden, L., Heyman, B. (2011).Marketing by the numbers. New York: AMACOM-American Management Association. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kotler, P., Kartajaya, H., Hooi, D. (2007).Think ASEAN!. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Kubacki, K., Rundle-Thiele, S.Contemporary issues in social marketing. Lackmann, J., Ernstberger, J., Stich, M. (2011). Market Reactions to Increased Reliability of Sustainability Information.J Bus Ethics,107(2), 111-128. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1026-3 Lilleker, D. (2013). Political marketing: Principles and applications.Journal Of Marketing Management,29(11-12), 1432-1434. doi:10.1080/0267257x.2013.832053 McKinley, M. (2012).Ethics in marketing and communications. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Murphy, P., Laczniak, E., Prothero, A. (2012).Ethics in marketing. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Palmer, A. (2011).Principles of services marketing. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Schneible, R. (2015). Information transfer and firm-level strategy.Accounting Finance, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/acfi.12112 Smith, N., Murphy, P. (2012).Marketing ethics. Los Angeles: SAGE. Stevens, S. (2007). Applying CMMI and Strategy to ATE Development.IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag.,10(4), 38-43. doi:10.1109/mim.2007.4291221 Thorson, E., Duffy, M. (2012).Advertising age. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tieman, M., Che Ghazali, M. (2013). Principles in halal purchasing.Journal Of Islamic Marketing,4(3), 281-293. doi:10.1108/jima-01-2012-0004 von der Heidt, T., Quazi, A. (2013). Enhancing learning-centeredness in marketing principles curriculum.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),21(4), 250-258. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.08.005 Camenisch, J., Gro, T. (2012). Efficient Attributes for Anonymous Credentials.ACM Transactions On Information And System Security,15(1), 1-30. He, S., Song, R., Chaudhry, S. (2013). Service-oriented intelligent group decision support system: Application in transportation management.Information Systems Frontiers,16(5), 939-951. Krlak, A., Strumio, P. (2011). Eye-blink detection system for humancomputer interaction.Universal Access In The Information Society,11(4), 409-419. Kuznetsov, S. (2014). ANTI-CRISIS STRATEGY EXECUTION AT A FUNCTIONAL LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.Jour, (3), 82. Lima, C., Sali, A., Kostic, M. (2013). Celebrating 20 Years of Structure.Structure,21(9), 1477-1478. Wen, M. (2014). EKM: An Efficient Key Management Scheme for AMI System in the Smart Grid.J. Inf. Comput. Sci.,11(15), 5471-5478. Yuan, S., Akey, C. (2013). Apoptosome Structure, Assembly, and Procaspase Activation.Structure,21(4), 501-515. ZHANG, Y. (2012). Cloudow: A SaaS runtime system based on the user-level virtu-alization technology.Scientia Sinica Informationis,42(3), 253.

A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone

A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone A Little Fox Never Hurt Anyone By Kate Evans We all know that good looking women are described as foxy. But foxes, with their rusty color and reputation for craftiness, can be used in many other colorful, unique, and descriptive expressions. For example, A foxs sleep is when one feigns indifference while keeping a close eye on someone. A wise fox will never rob his neighbors hen-roost, meaning a thief should steal from people far from home so as not to get caught. Theres my personal favorite, I gave him a flap with a fox-tail, which means that I made a fool of someone. To set a fox to keep the geese would be someone who trusts those who should clearly not be trusted with important tasks. If its a case of the fox and the grapes, then someone really wants something, cant obtain it, so they pretend they never wanted it in the first place. And of course, theres the often relevant when a fox preaches, take care of your geese. So, go off and flap someone with a fox-tail or just try and work one of these expressions into your next short story! Apollo Theater, Ms. Brown had the limo pull to a stop before a 100-foot-long Chyna Doll billboard, featuring a very foxy Foxy, clad only in a blue feather bikini. (www.nytimes.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Awoken or Awakened?Ulterior and Alterior

Food Lesson for an ESL Learner

Food Lesson for an ESL Learner Learning about food is an important part of any ESL or EFL class. This food lesson provides some fresh approaches to help students practice speaking, writing and dealing with everything related to food. Before using this lesson, it is a good idea to have students learn some basic food vocabulary including vocabulary related to different names of food, measurements, and containers, ordering food in restaurants, and preparing food. Once students are comfortable with this vocabulary, you can move on to some more inventive activities such as writing recipes in English and having students describe their favorite meals to each other in class. Use this lesson as a way to review and expand all the various vocabulary and expressions related to food that youve explored with students in your class. The premise of this lesson is that students identify a new type of dish theyd like to prepare, research and write a recipe and make a list of ingredients. Finally, students make a trip to the supermarket - virtually or in the real world - to price items. Youll need access to computers to complete this lesson, or you can do the old fashioned way by actually going to the store with students. It makes a fun, if slightly chaotic, class excursion. Aim Researching a recipe from A to Z Activity Working in teams to identify, research, plan and shop for an exotic meal Level Beginner to intermediate English learners Outline As a class, begin the discussion by describing a delicious meal you have had. Go into as much detail as youd like, students will enjoy this unless its dinner time!Have students get in pairs or small groups of three or four. Each group should share their own experiences with great meals.Once students have shared their experiences, ask them to decide on one of the meals that have been discussed.Each group should then use a computer to find an image that fits one or more of the dishes in the chosen meal. Suggest students google the dish and click on images to find the image. Each group should print out their chosen image.Tape the image of each group to the wall.Ask students to take a piece of paper and circulate around the room to choose a dish that looks tasty. Once theyve chosen the dish, students should write down the ingredients they feel are necessary to make the dish.When students have made their choice and written down the necessary ingredients, group students by who has chosen w hich image. Students should then compare notes on the necessary ingredients. Note that students should be taking down the ingredients for a new dish based on an image that appealed to them from another group. Next, have students find a recipe for their chosen dish by using a cookbook (old school), or by choosing a recipe online.Ask students to compare their list of ingredients to the recipe and make any changes or additions necessary.Once students have created their list, its time to go shopping. As a class, you can visit an online grocer such as Safeway, or you can take the class on a field trip to a local supermarket.Students then go shopping. They take note of the products they need, the price, etc. I like to insist that students include the name of the container to help practice this type of vocabulary.As a class, have each group report back on how many containers, boxes, heads of a certain produce item, etc. were bought and how much they paid including the total.Optional: For truly adventurous classes - Ask students to actually go shopping and purchase, cook, and serve up the dish they have chosen. This would make a great pot-luck lesson for all to enjoy which would be tied into a sp ecific learning objective.

Dissussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dissussion Questions - Essay Example Mrs. Smith, by simply stating that she does not want to die may have revoked her DNR order. Her daughter may be the person in charge of the patient’s treatment and CPR decisions. If she is, then it is her right to determine what needs to be done in such a situation. The potential area of liability for the nurse is if she goes against the DNR order in place. Only a senior doctor, and no other person, can determine the right to CPR on the patient. This is keeping in mind that CPR only works to revive a patient temporarily, but may not determine the patient’s condition afterwards. The facility may face a lawsuit from the custodian, and that is the daughter, if they do not honor the conditions of the DNR order. Nobody may be in apposition to sue the nurse if she follows the DNR order. However, if the nurse decides to perform CPR, she may be doing so on her own accord and her actions may not reflect the actions of the facility. An individual can revoke a DNR by simply making their wishes known to doctors and nurses (Westrick & Dempski, 2008). DNR orders are ethically appropriate and are recognized in many quarters, for example religious and legal quarters. When a patient wants to leave a health care facility against medical advice, they might be exposing themselves to more problems. They run the risk of receiving inadequate medical treatment. This may ultimately lead to readmission in the health facility one left. There is an ethical issue that surrounds medical practitioners when it comes to leaving against medical advice. Doctors are torn between respecting the patient’s wishes, and acting with consideration to what is best for the patient (Pozgar, 2013). Some issues must be discussed before the patient leaves. This is done usually to avoid any potential lawsuits in the future. One of the issues that need addressing may be forms filled by patients who leave AMA. Under difficult circumstances, the

ABC Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ABC Company - Research Paper Example Ending Income tax payable (10,000) (30,000) Net cash flow from operating activities (164,000) Analysis of ABC Co.’s Cash Flow A company’s operating cash flow indicates the revenue generated from doing business over a specified period less the operating expenses (Howell & Bain, 2008). This is an important process since it helps a company determine whether the business has a healthy financial position between the one given on paper and the one that is applicable in practice. From the results of ABC’s operating cash flow, the company is experiencing a negative cash flow. Although this is normal sometimes, it is still a cause for alarm to the company management. The situation indicates that the company is spending more money than it is receiving. This is a common phenomenon with new companies, however, the situation is dangerous if persistent over the long run (Lerner, 1995). There are several reasons for a negative cash flow but the main causes include poor debt col lection, high operating costs, and bad business decisions. In the case of ABC Company, there are three likely reasons for the negative cash flow. These are high costs of goods sold which mostly consists of purchases. The other reason is poor debt collection, the company’s accounts statement indicates that the net accounts receivable were still very high with a small margin having been collected compared to the previous period’s accounts. The third reason is the nature of the company, with a 25% growth in sales it means the company is a fast growing company, which results into significant increase in the company’s working capital. To improve the cash flow situation at ABC, the company needs to reduce its spending and increase its sales (Laughlin, Bebbington, & Gray, 2001)However, the best option in... ABC Company Besides facing competition from other companies that deal with cedar in making roofing and siding shingles, ABC also faces competition from products made of iron and clay, which are operating in the same market. However, cedar products have a higher competitive advantage over similar products in the market made of iron or clay. The main disadvantage of cedar roofing and siding products is the attached price, which might lead to potential buyers resolving for cheaper iron products. ABC Company is therefore likely to maintain its growth with minimal deviation either downwards or upwards. These deviations may be because of the harsh economic times forcing many homeowners to prefer cheaper iron products or clay products for their roofing and siding. Environmental conservation movements are also affecting the industry negatively (Sparrow Exteriors, 2013). These conservation policies are in turn making the cost of raw materials for cedar roofing tiles to be more expensive. Indulging into a new project such as building the dollhouse could be a viable solution for the company to meet its target goal of $3 million in the next three years. Being the company’s controller, my objective is to create a strict budget and assess all the employees towards the project so that I can ensure everything goes according to the set budget limits. The CEO should undertake the new project. After carefully consideration of its profit margin and the costs involved, the project is likely to help the company meet its target.

Primary Theoretical Frameworks For Discussing Intimate Partner Violence Criminology Essay

Primary Theoretical Frameworks For Discussing Intimate Partner Violence Criminology Essay Select (highlight) this text and then begin typing your abstract, which should be limited to one paragraph of not more than 120 words Discuss the primary theoretical frameworks-feminist, psychological (including biological hypotheses), or sociological-for understanding intimate partner violence and how each perspective might influence the development of intervention with perpetrators, or counseling with victims? Use examples from the readings to demonstrate the relationship between theory and practice. AND TYPE HEADING] Intimate partner violence is a multi-causal, multifaceted phenomenon and no single theoretical approach has proven sufficient in adequately explaining it. Fortunately, the field of intimate partner violence research has evolved to a point where now the interactive nature of the various relevant factors may be considered. Studies have identified possible determinants of intimate partner violence. Several of these possible causes are salient across diverse cultural and social contexts. Still theories to give reasons for intimate partner violence remain relatively limited. This regrettable lack of a theoretical perspective could possibly limit efforts to better understand intimate partner violence and to develop an effective and sustainable intervention with the perpetrators. This lack of perspective is particularly disconcerting at the level of primary prevention. This writer will examine the principal theoretical frameworks that constitute intimate partner violence. Feminist theories of violence against women tend to place much emphasis on the societal structures of gender-based inequality. The feminist framework argues that as the predominant social class, men have differential access to material and symbolic resources. Women, conversely are devalued as secondary and inferior (Bograd, 1988). As a consequence, womens experiences are often defined as inferior as a result of male domination, a trait that femininist argue influences all aspects of life. The violence, rather than being an individual psychological problem, is instead an expression of male domination of females. Violence against women, in the feminist view, includes a variety of control tactics meant to control women. Much feminist research is based on the premise that gender inequality is the source of violence against women, and that the social institutions of marriage and family are special contexts that may promote, maintain, and even support mens use of physical force against women.   Researchers in this tradition tend to rely heavily on qualitative interviews for data; and most of them have reached the conclusion that violent men are more likely to adhere to an ideology of familial patriarchy (Dobash and Dobash 1979). Gender analysis tackles the belief system that convinces male perpetrators that they have a right to control women in intimate relationships. Failure to address this belief system means that men may simply switch from physical to emotional abuse, and women and children will continue to live in fear. The contributions of psychology to violence in the intimate relationship have received much attention. The majority of research on the topic of intimate partner violence centers on personality disorders and early experiences that will increase the risk of future violent behavior (Buzawa, 2003). Although psychologists have long investigated the factors that predispose one to violence, an individual personality trait has not been found that influences someone to domestic partner violence. perpetrators do not share a set of personality characteristics or a psychiatric diagnosis that distinguishes them from people who are not abusive (Buzawa, 2003). There are some perpetrators who suffer from psychiatric problems, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or psychopathology. Yet, most do not have psychiatric illnesses, and caution is advised in attributing mental illness as a root cause of domestic violence.   On the contrary, there exists a complicated combination of factors that predispose an individual to violent behavior (Buzawa, 2003). The psychological framework extends these factors onto the influence of children growing up within a combination of these external forces.   Usually, men who batter are seeking a sense of power and control over their partners or their own lives, or because they are tremendously dependent on the woman and are threatened by any moves on her part towards independence. Some men batter because thats the only way they know how to be close to or relate to a partner. Some men grew up in violent households, where they watched their mothers abused by their fathers and where they themselves were abused. Some men become violent under the influence of drugs or alcohol, although the substances themselves do not cause the violence. Many psychological approaches view violence as a learned behavior that can be unlearned as apposed to a consequence of individual pathology, stress, or alcohol abuse. In order to institute an effective intervention, individuals must be able to confront their anger without resulting to violent interactions. According to Buzawa Buzawa (2003), a major conflict is that batterers have yet to develop alternative strategies to control their anger. They contend that batterers generally are less capable or adapt to at argumentative self expression (p.34). One compelling premise is that violence in men is not only natural, but an essential trait that was developed through an evolutionary process. As argued by Dobash Dobash (1998), Men have a greater propensity for violence than women. They further maintain that violence is embedded in male physicality, culture and experience (Dobash, 1998). To further extend this argument, Buzawa Buzawa (2003) contend that, It has been empirically established that although both genders commit acts of domestic violence, men commit far more serious violence than do women(p.39). Research on the historical and biochemical links to aggression has considered other pathways, one of which is evolutionary. Daly Wilson (1998) maintain that, violent capabilities and inclinations arose in our male ancestors in response to the demands of male on male competition (Dabash,p.200). Further, Newborn Stanko (1994) maintain that young men learn to do violence and within some cultural expressions it plays an important role in their social place and personal identity (p.165). The question arises, if there is in fact an inherent basis for violence, can there also be a biochemical basis for violence toward women? Domestic violence was found to be all-pervasive among all women but varying in volume and frequency across class, age and education level. As stated by Jewkes, (2002), Womens susceptibility to intimate partner violence has been shown to be greatest in societies where the use of violence in many situations is a socially accepted norm (p.359). Thus family violence will take place more often in violent societies.   With this in mind, it is not uncommon to see more cases of domestic violence reported in communities plagued with violence such as underprivileged inner cities. As stated by Buzawa Buzawa (2003), although domestic violence is present in all social strata and ethnic groups, it is disproportionately concentrated in population subgroups that are stressed with poverty (p.40). Some subcultures develop norms that permit the use of physical violence to a greater degree than the dominant culture. For instance, if a particular community has a significantly high violent crime rate, than it is to be expected that violence will in some way manifest in the home. Often, people in these economically depraved communities develop peer relationships that promote male dominance in the community as well as the use of violence to support a culture of violence against women. Ultimately, domestic violence is a complicated interplay of social, genetic, and environmental factors. Male violence against women in intimate relationships is a social problem condoned and supported by the customs and traditions of a particular society.

History of Art Essay

Discuss the evolution of the idea of beauty through the history of art. The idea of beauty, the perfect human body, is a result of culture: religious functions, advertisements, economy, and other factors. The definition of beauty is not an inherent concept, since every age, place and social class formed its own ideal of it. This evolution of beauty is shown explicitly through the history of art. Art, in different periods, was influenced mainly by history and religion. I will discuss this transition from the Middle Ages to Renaissance, from Impressionism to Expressionism and later Cubism. I will discuss artworks by various artists such as Giotto, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Degas and Picasso. I will analyze the way they depicted their ideas of beauty, compare and contrast the concepts the artists used to transmit their ideas. Giotto Di Bondone (1266/7 – 1337) was an Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages. In the transitional period between Internation al Gothic and Renaissance, Giotto was among the first to make use of proportions to represent human figures. He worked on perspective and rounded sculptural forms that appear to have been based on living models rather than on idealized conventional human figure. Giotto rejected the long, elegant lines of the Byzantine style and went for a more realistic representation. He based his works on the real rather than the divine and idealistic. Painted in 1300 for the Church of San Francesco in Pisa, The Stigmatization of St. Francis illustrates stories from the life of the saint, who was a particular inspiration to Giotto. In this signed panel, Giotto uses the realistic human form, space, colour, gesture and placement of figures to tell the story in a new, human-like way. It remained for Masaccio (1401 – 1428), a century later, to expand upon Giotto’s monumental style. Masaccio applied mathematical laws in his paintings and created an illusion of space and distance. Masaccio was and still is considered a genius and is best known for the fresco of The Holy Trinity with the Virgin and St. John (1425 – Santa Maria Novella, Florence), the first successful depiction in painting of the new concept of Renaissance space. When he joined atmospheric perspective with linear perspective later that century, a greater illusion of reality was achieved. Also, his figures show weight mainly by use of drapery folds. In the peak of Renaissance, Botticelli (1445 – 1510) was one of the most prominent artists of the time, with Birth of Venus (1486 – Uffizi Gallery), being arguably one of his most famous works. It is also one of the most treasured works of the Renaissance period. In it, Venus (the Roman goddess of love, beauty, sex, fertility, prosperity and victory – Known as Aphrodite in Greek mythology), one can see the graceful way Botticelli composed the goddess. Venus is illustrated as an immaculate, pure being. Also, her nude depiction is significant in itself. At that time, were almost all paintings were based on Christianity, Botticelli was almost considered as revolutionary, as nude women were hardly ever portrayed. Furthermore, Botticelli portrayed figures having steep shoulders and long hands as he wanted to idealise the human figure. In 1492, Michelangelo undertook the study of anatomy based on the dissection of corpses. In the time of high Renaissance, Michelangelo used different methods to portray figures. As a result of his intense study of the human body, he depicted figures with extreme details, and enlargement of the muscles and tissues. This technique can be noticed through his works such as David (1500-1504), found in Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. In the 19th century, art took a different course. This was the way towards what we call Modern art. In the 1870s, Impressionism was at its peak. Impressionists no longer focused mainly on beauty but rather preferred to focus on the nature of light. Impressionism is a style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience rather than to achieve accurate depiction. Edgar Degas (1834 – 1917) was an Impressionist who’s known for his artworks involving nudity. It is interesting that in his artworks he never seeks to make the subject identifiable. Instead he often portrays them from their backside and as they engaged in daily tasks, such as The Bathers. Later in history, a new art movement arose – Expressionism. After the horror of the First World War only practicability is important. The difference between the sexes vanishes for the first time in art history. Curves are no longer an ideal. Expressionists focused mainly on getting their message across by means of colour and distortions. This is why artworks from this period are misshaped and altered, rather than focusing on realism and beauty. Expressionism is a very explicit example of art being used as means of communication. Many consider art from the 20th century to be revolutionary, with Cubism being the result of this. Cubism was an innovative movement and was very influential to the art produced later. Being a pioneer of cubism, Pablo Picasso was criticized and his works led to controversy. Cubism involved the use of geometric shapes and this can be seen from one of Picasso’s works, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Picasso was very influenced by the social situation at that time, were prostitution, sickness and instability were amongst the flaws of society. That is why he chose to portray the women with deformed figures, some of them even with African-like masks. Through this brief analysis of the story of art, one can see how each period portrayed beauty in different ways. It all, mainly, depended on the social situation, economy and religion at that point in time. It is clear how the conventional idea of beauty lost its control over art as we approach the present. Also, the realism and detail used in earlier stages, was almost irrelevant in more modern times. One should appreciate how art evolves according to the time and the people producing it, and how powerful it really is for the observer.

Dickens’ books Essay

As his name implies, Pip’s progress through Great Expectations is also one of growth, especially in regards to morality. Yet he too does not evolve without attaining scars. His burns, for instance, after ‘saving Miss Havisham from the fire that engulfs her dress can at once seen as a consequence of a noble action, but also a result of a desire to punish a world that has mistreated him. He professes to Miss Havisham from a newly acquired self-knowing level that he could never be bitter with her, and we could easily believe that he has learnt how to perceive others with an understanding eye. However, one must not forget that the ignorance his life has been clouded in may also have embittered him, and rightly so. As a result the fire could at once be seen as Pip’s repressed want or desire for revenge – for vengeance. As he struggles with her on the floor we perceive that these are not the actions of a man who has a refined heart, but a man who has repressed disappointment and pain. He holds her down ‘like a prisoner, who might escape’ and even looses consciousness of who she is or what he is doing. Throughout the novel Pip has to work through this suppressed unconscious, and is never magically delivered to a higher state of morality or refined sentiment. As a child he laments that he had had ‘no intercourse with the world’ and was ‘quite [the] untaught genius’ that had to make ‘the discovery of the line of action for himself’. High morality and refined sentiment are not flat character traits held only by perfect people. They are difficult to attain, and more importantly to abide by, and what makes Pip an exceptional character is that he is not infallible. As a result one must pay attention to the narrator, described as Dickens’ most ‘complex and subtle’16, who is still very much haunted by his past that has helped mould and destroy him. He almost attempts to see himself in a better light that he probably was when he was younger. In fact the ‘profoundest irony of the novel is not reached until the reader realises he must see Pip in a much harsher moral perspective than Pip ever saw himself’.17 As one must remember the episode when Magwitch took the blame for stealing the food – Pip avoids telling the truth. The narrator hopes that this avoidance ‘had some dregs of good at the bottom of it’, thus the child’s motivations are clouded by the older, wiser, almost shamed narrator’s desires to fill the younger Pip’s moral lapses. The latter is certainly not innocent, and is always battling with that ‘inner self [that] was not easily composed’, and such a battle that signifies that he was not born with goodness, is difficult for the narrator to acknowledge. The reader feels pity for Pip but in the same breath Pip abandons the reader as quickly as he abandons Joe. When removing your own sentimental romantising of the youngster, the reading of his character shifts. The narrator is guilty of, if only to a minor degree, manipulating his harsh social relations, ignorance and want to make him look the greater victim. In fact the idea that the older Mr Pip has anymore quietened that inner self, are continually thrown into dispute. He still complains, even when Herbert and Clara had actually opened their arms to him, and allowed him to live with them, that it ‘must not [be left] to be supposed that we were ever a great house, or that we made mints of money. We were not in a grand way of business, but we had a good name, and worked for our profits, and did very well’. He still cannot recognise and respond to the good grace of others. He suggests that what his life has become is a mere second best to what it could have been. That he still secretly hankers for those ‘mints of money’ is regrettably clear. What he appears to be saying is that he merely exists, not living. In many ways Pip is the antithesis of a hero – an anti-hero. He never really reaches high morality or refined sentiment, despite his progress towards them. As a result Great Expectations tears the reader away from the optimism, and that ‘miserable fallacy’ of Dickens’ earlier novels, particularly as the hero can still agonizingly be ignorant of the true value of things. This pull away from optimism however produces realism in Pip. He embodies all the taboo complications of a true person, and as Chesterton argues this includes the, albeit natural human desire to do what is wrong.18 He causes Trabb’s boy to loose his job, and Orlick, and hurts, however unintentionally Biddy and Joe. He is constantly repressing emotions, which ultimately re-emerge as haunting images, such Miss Havisham hanging in the barn, leaving him ‘shuddering from head to foot’. However, in many ways Dickens avoids confronting Pip’s darker side by projecting it onto an outside character- Orlick. The repressed anger within Pip is allowed an outlet in the actions of this stock-villain. For instance he is responsible for the injuring and eventual death of Mrs Joe, which is after-all no great loss to Pip who has more than once suffered under the ‘Tickler’. As a result Orlick plays out the moral lessons or moral consequences that Pip never has to undergo. Orlick suffers the rebuke of Biddy, one wonders whether it should not have been Pip, and he suffers in a fight with Joe, and again should this have not been with Pip? When lured to the limekiln, Orlick poignantly blames Pip for the felling of Mrs Joe. ‘You done it; now you pays for it’, he exclaims, almost as if he realises that he is playing the part of scapegoat, carrying out the many actions that Pip more than likely has fantasised about himself. Pip can at least play the role of victim, as long as there are characters such as Orlick who are willing to take his mirror image role as avenger. Great Expectations is one of the most colourful and at the same time painful novels ever written, ultimately a ‘grotesque tragic-comic experience’.19 It draws of a wealth of characters, yet the considerable thing about the novel is that unlike his earlier work, Dickens does not admit any miraculous transformations at the end. There is no suggestion that anyone has survived their past completely unscathed, from Pip’s burns, to the washing of Mr Jagger’s hands, and no-one is given the privileged place of being magically delivered into the heaven of ‘high morality’ and ‘refined sentiment’. The defining of goodness, ultimately high morality and refined sentiment, has come a long way since Dickens earlier novels. It is a novel in which he is no longer ‘willing or able to make the straight satiric indictment which governs†¦morality’. As a result many of his characters are a tragic mixture, and as Sadrin suggested it is the ‘Dickens myth’ raised to the surface, laid upon the table, dissected and criticised’.21 Despite the Oliver Twist beginning, we meet numerous characters who engage in a series of ontological struggles – Wemmick being the only character to have avoided such by adopting ‘Walworth sentiments’ that exist in an entirely personal world where the self can never forget who they really are. For the reader nevertheless, as well as many for many of the characters, of ‘all [Dickens’] books [that] might be called Great Expectations [and where that ‘miserable fallacy’ was mostly likely to lurk]†¦the only book†¦he gave the name†¦was the only book in which the expectation was never realised’22

Dickens’ books Essay

As his name implies, Pip’s progress through Great Expectations is also one of growth, especially in regards to morality. Yet he too does not evolve without attaining scars. His burns, for instance, after ‘saving Miss Havisham from the fire that engulfs her dress can at once seen as a consequence of a noble action, but also a result of a desire to punish a world that has mistreated him. He professes to Miss Havisham from a newly acquired self-knowing level that he could never be bitter with her, and we could easily believe that he has learnt how to perceive others with an understanding eye. However, one must not forget that the ignorance his life has been clouded in may also have embittered him, and rightly so. As a result the fire could at once be seen as Pip’s repressed want or desire for revenge – for vengeance. As he struggles with her on the floor we perceive that these are not the actions of a man who has a refined heart, but a man who has repressed disappointment and pain. He holds her down ‘like a prisoner, who might escape’ and even looses consciousness of who she is or what he is doing. Throughout the novel Pip has to work through this suppressed unconscious, and is never magically delivered to a higher state of morality or refined sentiment. As a child he laments that he had had ‘no intercourse with the world’ and was ‘quite [the] untaught genius’ that had to make ‘the discovery of the line of action for himself’. High morality and refined sentiment are not flat character traits held only by perfect people. They are difficult to attain, and more importantly to abide by, and what makes Pip an exceptional character is that he is not infallible. As a result one must pay attention to the narrator, described as Dickens’ most ‘complex and subtle’16, who is still very much haunted by his past that has helped mould and destroy him. He almost attempts to see himself in a better light that he probably was when he was younger. In fact the ‘profoundest irony of the novel is not reached until the reader realises he must see Pip in a much harsher moral perspective than Pip ever saw himself’.17 As one must remember the episode when Magwitch took the blame for stealing the food – Pip avoids telling the truth. The narrator hopes that this avoidance ‘had some dregs of good at the bottom of it’, thus the child’s motivations are clouded by the older, wiser, almost shamed narrator’s desires to fill the younger Pip’s moral lapses. The latter is certainly not innocent, and is always battling with that ‘inner self [that] was not easily composed’, and such a battle that signifies that he was not born with goodness, is difficult for the narrator to acknowledge. The reader feels pity for Pip but in the same breath Pip abandons the reader as quickly as he abandons Joe. When removing your own sentimental romantising of the youngster, the reading of his character shifts. The narrator is guilty of, if only to a minor degree, manipulating his harsh social relations, ignorance and want to make him look the greater victim. In fact the idea that the older Mr Pip has anymore quietened that inner self, are continually thrown into dispute. He still complains, even when Herbert and Clara had actually opened their arms to him, and allowed him to live with them, that it ‘must not [be left] to be supposed that we were ever a great house, or that we made mints of money. We were not in a grand way of business, but we had a good name, and worked for our profits, and did very well’. He still cannot recognise and respond to the good grace of others. He suggests that what his life has become is a mere second best to what it could have been. That he still secretly hankers for those ‘mints of money’ is regrettably clear. What he appears to be saying is that he merely exists, not living. In many ways Pip is the antithesis of a hero – an anti-hero. He never really reaches high morality or refined sentiment, despite his progress towards them. As a result Great Expectations tears the reader away from the optimism, and that ‘miserable fallacy’ of Dickens’ earlier novels, particularly as the hero can still agonizingly be ignorant of the true value of things. This pull away from optimism however produces realism in Pip. He embodies all the taboo complications of a true person, and as Chesterton argues this includes the, albeit natural human desire to do what is wrong.18 He causes Trabb’s boy to loose his job, and Orlick, and hurts, however unintentionally Biddy and Joe. He is constantly repressing emotions, which ultimately re-emerge as haunting images, such Miss Havisham hanging in the barn, leaving him ‘shuddering from head to foot’. However, in many ways Dickens avoids confronting Pip’s darker side by projecting it onto an outside character- Orlick. The repressed anger within Pip is allowed an outlet in the actions of this stock-villain. For instance he is responsible for the injuring and eventual death of Mrs Joe, which is after-all no great loss to Pip who has more than once suffered under the ‘Tickler’. As a result Orlick plays out the moral lessons or moral consequences that Pip never has to undergo. Orlick suffers the rebuke of Biddy, one wonders whether it should not have been Pip, and he suffers in a fight with Joe, and again should this have not been with Pip? When lured to the limekiln, Orlick poignantly blames Pip for the felling of Mrs Joe. ‘You done it; now you pays for it’, he exclaims, almost as if he realises that he is playing the part of scapegoat, carrying out the many actions that Pip more than likely has fantasised about himself. Pip can at least play the role of victim, as long as there are characters such as Orlick who are willing to take his mirror image role as avenger. Great Expectations is one of the most colourful and at the same time painful novels ever written, ultimately a ‘grotesque tragic-comic experience’.19 It draws of a wealth of characters, yet the considerable thing about the novel is that unlike his earlier work, Dickens does not admit any miraculous transformations at the end. There is no suggestion that anyone has survived their past completely unscathed, from Pip’s burns, to the washing of Mr Jagger’s hands, and no-one is given the privileged place of being magically delivered into the heaven of ‘high morality’ and ‘refined sentiment’. The defining of goodness, ultimately high morality and refined sentiment, has come a long way since Dickens earlier novels. It is a novel in which he is no longer ‘willing or able to make the straight satiric indictment which governs†¦morality’. As a result many of his characters are a tragic mixture, and as Sadrin suggested it is the ‘Dickens myth’ raised to the surface, laid upon the table, dissected and criticised’.21 Despite the Oliver Twist beginning, we meet numerous characters who engage in a series of ontological struggles – Wemmick being the only character to have avoided such by adopting ‘Walworth sentiments’ that exist in an entirely personal world where the self can never forget who they really are. For the reader nevertheless, as well as many for many of the characters, of ‘all [Dickens’] books [that] might be called Great Expectations [and where that ‘miserable fallacy’ was mostly likely to lurk]†¦the only book†¦he gave the name†¦was the only book in which the expectation was never realised’22