International Arbitration After Pursue Remedies - 1157 Words

Article 21.2 permits investors to opt for international arbitration after pursuing remedies in domestic courts, but not to engage in local remedies during or subsequent to investment arbitration. If the investor submits a claim to international arbitration, it must waive its rights to continue or initiate a claim based on the same measure in domestic courts. This means domestic courts have the opportunity to provide redress for wrongs before they are raised at the international level. Investors may continue or initiate claims at the domestic level following submission of a claim at international level in cases where the investor seeks â€Å"injunctive, declaratory or other extraordinary relief.† This waiver clause is contained in many BITs and†¦show more content†¦However, the provision serves an important purpose, which is to limit duplicative decisions on the same issue. This purpose is evident in the decisions of tribunals, which will now be examined. In Waste Management v United Mexican States, following a dispute between the investor and the government of Mexico, the investor filed the claim and supplied a waiver which included a sentence that stated that the waiver did not apply to any ongoing dispute in domestic courts surrounding violations of law other than NAFTA, including Mexican law. Mexico pointed to ongoing legal proceedings in domestic Mexican courts and argued that the waiver was insufficient. The investor countered that scope of the waiver is limited to NAFTA, and thus it was not required to abandon domestic proceedings based on a violation of domestic law. The tribunal rejected this argument and acknowledged that while it might be possible in some instances for proceedings to exist at domestic level that did not relate to those in NAFTA arbitration, the tribunal found that in this case, the different claims were based on the same measure. Because the purpose of the waiver is to prevent â€Å"double benefit† for the same measure, the tribunal found that the

The History of Cable Cars and Electric Streetcars

San Franciscan Andrew Smith Hallidie patented the first cable car on January 17, 1861, sparing many horses the excruciating work of moving people up the citys steep roadways. Using metal ropes he had patented, Hallidie devised a mechanism by which cars were drawn by an endless cable running in a slot between the rails which passed over a steam-driven shaft in the powerhouse. The First Cable Railway After gathering financial backing, Hallidie and his associates constructed the first cable railway. The track ran from the intersection of Clay and Kearny Streets along 2,800 feet of track to the crest of a hill 307 feet above the starting point. At 5:00 on the morning of August 1, 1873, a few nervous men climbed aboard the cable car as it stood on the hilltop. With Hallidie at the controls, the car descended and arrived safely at the bottom. Given San Franciscos steep terrain, the cable car came to define the city. Writing in 1888, Harriet Harper declared: If anyone should ask me what I consider the most distinctive, progressive feature of California, I should answer promptly: its cable car system. And it is not alone its system which seems to have reached a point of perfection, but the amazing length of the ride that is given you for the chink of a nickel. I have circled this city of San Francisco, I have gone the length of three separate cable lines (by means of the proper transfers) for this smallest of Southern coins. The success of the San Francisco line led to the expansion of that system and the introduction of street railways in many other cities. Most U.S. municipalities had abandoned horse-drawn cars for electrically powered cars by the 1920s. The Omnibus The first mass transportation vehicle in America was an omnibus. It looked like a stagecoach and was pulled by horses. The first omnibus to operate in America began running up and down Broadway in New York City in 1827. It was owned by Abraham Brower, who also helped organize the first fire department in New York. There had long been horse-drawn carriages in America to take people where they wanted to go. What was new and different about the omnibus was that it ran along a certain designated route and charged a very low fare. People who wanted to get on would wave their hands in the air. The driver sat on a bench on top of the omnibus at the front, like a stagecoach driver. When people who were riding inside wanted to get off the omnibus, they pulled on a little leather strap. The leather strap was connected to the ankle of the person who was driving the omnibus. Horse-drawn omnibuses ran in America cities from 1826 until about 1905. The Streetcar The streetcar was the first important improvement over the omnibus. The first streetcars were also pulled by horses, but the streetcars rolled along special steel rails that were placed in the middle of the roadway instead of traveling along regular streets. The wheels of the streetcar were also made of steel, carefully manufactured in such a way so they would not roll off the rails. A horse-drawn streetcar was much more comfortable than an omnibus, and a single horse could pull a streetcar that was larger and carried more passengers. The first streetcar began service in 1832 and ran along Bowery Street in New York. It was owned John Mason, a wealthy banker, and built by John Stephenson, an Irishman.  Stephensons New York company would become the largest and most famous builder of horse-drawn streetcars. New Orleans became the second American city to offer streetcars in 1835. The typical American streetcar was operated by two crew members. One man, a driver, rode up front. His job was to drive the horse, controlled by a set of reigns. The driver also had a brake handle that he could use to stop the streetcar. When streetcars got bigger, sometimes two and three horses would be used to haul a single car. The second crew member was the conductor, who rode at the back of the car. His job was to help passengers get on and off the streetcar and to collect their fares. He gave the driver a signal when everyone was on board and it was safe to proceed, pulling on a rope that was attached to a bell that the driver could hear at the other end of the car.   Hallidie’s Cable Car The first major attempt to develop a machine that could replace horses on Americas streetcar lines was the cable car in 1873. Converting streetcar lines from horse cars to cable cars required digging a ditch between the rails and building a chamber under the track from one end of the line to the other. This chamber was called a vault. When the vault was finished, a small opening was left at the top. A long cable was placed inside the vault. The cable ran under city streets from one end of  the streetcar line to the other. The cable was spliced into a big loop and was kept moving by a huge steam engine with massive wheels and pulleys located in a powerhouse at the side of the street. The cable cars themselves were equipped with a device that extended down below the car into the vault and allowed the operator of the car to latch onto the moving cable when he wanted the car to go. He could release the cable when he wanted the car to stop. There were many pulleys and wheels inside the vault to make sure the cable was able to go around corners, as well as up and down hills. Although the first cable cars ran in San Francisco, the largest and busiest fleet of cable cars was in Chicago. Most large American cities had one or more cable car lines by 1890. Trolley Cars Frank Sprague  installed a complete system of electric streetcars in Richmond, Virginia, in 1888. This was the first large-scale and successful use of electricity to run a citys entire system of streetcars. Sprague was born in Connecticut in 1857. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1878 and began a career as a naval officer. He resigned from the navy in 1883 and went to work for Thomas Edison. Many cities turned to electric-powered streetcars after 1888. To get electricity to the streetcars from the powerhouse where it was generated, an overhead wire was installed over streets. A streetcar would touch this electric wire with a long pole on its roof. Back at the powerhouse, big steam engines would turn huge generators to produce the electricity needed to operate the streetcars. A new name was soon developed for streetcars powered by electricity: trolley cars.

Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour Free Essays

ITM 440- ­? 540 Introduc0on to Data Networking and the Internet 03/03/12 1 Router Architectures †¢? There are 3 steps a router must follow to process and forward a packet to the next hop. –? Check an incoming packet for errors and other parameters –? Look up the des0na0on address in a forwarding table to determine the proper output port for the packet –? Send the packet out the port 03/03/12 2 Router like a Train Roundhouse 03/03/12 3 Router Architecture †¢? Rou0ng can be implemented using soKware based forwarding –? e. g small dsl router, linux box, etc †¢? Hardware Based –? These are larger routers ith forwarding fabric architectures. We will write a custom essay sample on Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢? ISP routers , Internet backbone, etc 03/03/12 4 Basic Hardware Routers †¢? Routers are very much like computers. –? CPU’s †¢? Several types used not necessarily as powerful as pc –? NVRAM (Flash Memory) †¢? Stores router con? gura0ons –? DRAM †¢? Shared working storage –? ROM †¢? Bootstrap for router OS 03/03/12 5 03/03/12 6 Larger Internet Routers †¢? Fundamental principle is that the func0ons of a router can be split into two dis0nct parts –? Rou0ng and control †¢? Handles protocols, management of router, etc –? Forwarding packets †¢? Handles actual forwarding f packets †¢? Many packets go straight through this func0on 03/03/12 7 03/03/12 8 Router Access †¢? Console Port –? Port for a serial terminal that is the loca0on as the router and is a]ached by a short cable from the serial port on the terminal to the console port on the router (replaced by RJ45) 03/03/12 9 Con sole Port 03/03/12 10 Router Access †¢? Auxiliary Port –? Port for a serial communica0on that is a remote loca0on 03/03/12 11 Router Access 03/03/12 12 Router Access †¢? Network –? Can always be managed over the same network onwhich it is rou0ng packets 03/03/12 13 03/03/12 14 Forwarding Table Lookups †¢? Longest Match Rule –? Allows a router to determine the best route based on granularity of the masked address. –? Used when a network ID is found to match more than one subnet mask –? The longest match rule is implemented because the longer the mask found, the be]er granularity the router has in exactly de? ning the correct route. –? It is oKen called the best match or the more speci? c route for a given des0na0on 03/03/12 15 †¢? Example: †¢? – Received datagram of 200. 40. 1. 1 †¢? – Route table lookup found two entries: –? 200. 40. 1. 0/24 –? 200. 40. 0. 0/16 †¢? – Route would use he 200. 40. 1. 0/24 03/03/12 16 03/03/12 17 Dual Protocol Stacks †¢? Hosts can have dual protocol stacks –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x800 the packet is hando? to the IPv4 process –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x86DD the packet is handed o? to the IPv6 process 03/03/12 18 03/03 /12 19 Tunneling †¢? Tunneling occurs whenever the normal sequence of encapsula0on headers is violated †¢? Four types of tunnels –? Host to router –? Put a frame into a frame and violate the normal OSI- ­? RM sequence of headers –? Router to router †¢? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets to a dual tack router that is only reachable over a series IPv4 only device †¢? Routers with duel stack capability can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other routers 20 03/03/12 Tunneling †¢? Router to host –? Routers with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to a duel stack des0na0on host †¢? Host to Host –? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other duel stack IP hosts without an intervening router 03/03/12 21 03/03/12 22 Tunneling †¢? The ?rst two methods is when an IPv6 packet is sent to a router nd the endpoint of the tunnel is not the same des0na0on †¢? The last two methods send the encapsulated IPv6 packet directly to the des0na0on host so the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses used correspond to the same host –? The source host or router must have the tunnel’s address con? gured –? This is called con? gured tunneling 03/03/12 23 Automa0c Tunneling †¢? Does not require special con? gura0on †¢? Uses a special form of the IPv6 address †¢? All duel stack IP hosts recognize the format and encapsulate the IPv6 packet inside an IPv4 packet using the embedded IPv4 address, crea0ng an end to end tunnel ? Hosts that only run IPv6 can also duel stack routers to communicate using a special form of the IPv6 03/03/12 24 03/03/12 25 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? Manually con? gure tunnels –? De? ned in RFC 2893 and both endpoints of the tunnel must have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses †¢? Generic Rou0ng Encapsula0on (GRE) tunnels –? Designe d to transport non- ­? IP protcols over IP network †¢? IPv4 compa0ble (6over4) tunnels –? Also de? ned in RFC 2893 these are automa0c tunnels based on IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 addresses using the :: (Pv4 address) form of IPv6 address 03/03/12 26 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? 6to4 unnels –? Another form of automa0c tunnel de? ned in RFC 3065. They use and IPv4 embedded in the IPv6 address to iden0fy the tunnel endpoint †¢? Intra- ­? site Automa0c Tunnel Addressing Protcol (ISATAP) –? Mechanism much like 6to4 tunneling but for local site networks. Uses a special pre? x and the IPv4 address to iden0fy the endpoint 03/03/12 27 6to4 and ISATAP tunnel addressing showing how the 128 bits of the IPv6 address Are structured in each case. (a) 6to4 (b) ISATAP 03/03/12 28 Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? Terminology used for IPv4 to IPv6 transi0on plans for nodes –? IPv4 only node: host or outer that implements only IPv4 –? IPv6/IPv4 (duel) node: A ho st or router that implements both IPv4 and IPv6 –? IPv6 only node: A host or router that implements only IPv6 –? IPv6 node: A host or router that implements IPv6 –? IPv4 node: A host or router that implements IPv4 †¢? Includes IPv6 only and duel node 03/03/12 29 †¢? Includes IPv4 only and duel node Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? The plan also de? nes three types of addresses –? IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 address †¢? An address assigned to an IPv6 node that can be used in both IPv6 and IPv4 packets –? IPv4 mapped IPv6 address †¢? An address mapped o an IPv4 only node represented as an IPv6 address –? IPv6 only address †¢? An address globally assigned to any IPv4/IPv6 only node 03/03/12 30 Ques0ons 03/03/12 31 03/03/12 32 Q1 †¢? 1. Which router, based on the architecture in the ?gure, is probably a small site router? Which is probably a large Internet backbone router? †¢? Although architectures vary, the router wi th only memory is likely to be a smaller site router. The router with separate hardware forwarding and control plane is likely the backbone router. 03/03/12 33 Q2 †¢? 2. Which output interface, based on the rou0ng table shown in he ?gure, will packets arriving from the directly a]ached host for IPv4 address 10. 10. 11. 1 use for forwarding? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 64 is 0100 0000, 128 is 1000 0000, and 11 is 0000 1011. All three routes match the ?rst 16 bits. The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (00) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 34 Q3 †¢? 3. Which output interface will packets for 10. 10. 192. 10 use? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 192 is 1100 0000. Again, all three routes match the ?rst 16 bits. The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (11) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is again the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 35 Q4 †¢? 4. Is 6to4 tunneling automa0c? How many bits will be used for the subnet iden0? er? †¢? Yes, 6to4 automa0c tunnels are de? ned in RFC 3065. Sixteen bits are used for subnet ID. See Figure 9- ­? 9. 03/03/12 36 Q5 †¢? 5. Do the routers require IPv6 support to deliver packets between the two hosts? †¢? No. If IPv6 is not supported on the routers, 6to4 tunneling can be used to deliver packets. 03/03/12 37 How to cite Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour, Papers

Developing B2B Social Communities

Question: Discuss about the Report on Developing B2B Social Communities? Answer: Introduction This particular assignment mainly deals with the concept of food business and food marketing. The name of the company in this particular assignment is Food Retailers (Baines, Fill Page, 2011). Food Retailers one of the most popular food retail companies across entire United Kingdom. This particular company is an arbitrary company mainly deals with different kinds of food items. This particular company mainly deals with different kinds of packaged food as well as dry food. This particular company is one of the most popular company is very much popular in entire Europe and organized its business across all the major cities of the work. Food industry is generally exists in the perfectly competitive market formation. The features of perfectly competitive market formation are different and unique from each other. All the companies doing business in the perfectly competitive market formation face the majority of the challenges. The food retail sector as well as the food retail industry is one of the vast retail sector management. Prospect of the industry The entire food industry is one of the most popular and growing industry across the world. The United Kingdom food industry as well as the United Kingdom Retail management comprises of over 21200 food stores in entire United Kingdom. The entire food sector in United Kingdom is divided into many sectors and retail chains (Baines, Fill Page, 2011). The entire food and retail management sector is one of the most vast retail sector management and the average growth rate of this entire industry is 5.6% as per the latest statistical report (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). The rapid growth in the entire food industry since from the year 2000 was remarkable in entire United Kingdom. Due to increase in the raise in the completion level all the companies has adopted different kinds of pricing decisions and pricing decision as well as the pricing strategies. This particular food sector comprises nearly 45% of the entire food industry in entire United Kingdom. Development of Food Sector Industry Year Total Sales Percentage of change in sales Percentage of total Sales 2000 57,253,522 52.33% 45.25% 2001 58,555,854 53.25% 46.27% 2002 60,545,558 55.96% 47.30% 2003 68,548,552 57.33% 49.22% 2004 71,565,525 59.55% 51.58% 2005 73,548,232 65.55% 52.45% 2006 75,258,855 69.22% 55.85% 2007 77,522,858 71.22% 57.28% 2008 79,625,254 75.23% 59.25% 2009 81,52,525 77.23% 61.85% 2010 87,53,550 73.33% 63.49% Table 1: Development of Food Sector Industry and Prospect of the industry (Source: Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013) Figure 1: Development of Food Sector Industry and Prospect of the industry (Source: Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013) Demographical factors of United Kingdom Demographical factor is one of the most important factors of any kinds of business. The demographics factor is related with the study of population. United Kingdom is one of the largest Empires in the entire world (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). Different kinds of people reside from each part of the world with different cultural background (Baines, Fill Page, 2011). The prospect of entire food market in United Kingdom is very much diversified. This is due to the cultural factors of the country as in United Kingdom people come and join from different sectors with different cultural background (Smith Murphy, 2012). However, several strategic issues are present as per the demographic factors of the firm. Consumption and expenditure of the people in United Kingdom In entire United Kingdom, different kinds of people come from different kinds of cultural backgrounds (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). There are many sectors in the food and retail management to identify the growth of opportunities. As per the latest statistical report of the year 2012, the consumption expenditure of the food market in entire United Kingdom is mentioned in the following tables and graphs (Stevens, 2007). Food items Age Range Percentage of uses Sugar Products 18-25 years 25.33 Vegetables 25-32 years 27.25 Red Meat 18-33 years 29.22 Milk and Dairy Products 25-45years 35.69 Fish Products 25-50years 23.33 Oil Products 15-35years 17.23 Tea 15-55years 77.25 Coffee 15-60years 78.23 Nodules 5-35years 81.25 Fruits 5-70years 91.25 Cheese Products 15-35years 87.25 Fruit Juice 5-55years 83.25 Ice Cream Products 5-75years 95.69 Pulses and Nuts 15-65years 85.33 Table1: Popularity of the food items (Source: Developed by the Author) Table1: Popularity of the food items (Source : Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011) From the above chat, the percentage of food items uses in the entire United Kingdom is mentioned (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). The researcher of this statistical report has developed different kinds of research strategies as well as research methodology in order to conclude about the demand and supply of the food items in entire United Kingdom. The researcher has developed different kinds of data collection method in order to collected proper information in order to support the statistical survey (Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011). The majority of the people in United Kingdom preferred dairy products followed by packaged products such nodules, cheese products, fruit products, ice cream products, pulses and nuts, etc (Schneible, 2015). Development of Corporate Strategies with respect to strategic management issues Several strategic issues can occur in the respective business environment. At present, there are four kinds of marketing structure in the entire market. The four kinds of market formation are perfectly competitive market formation, monopoly market formation, monopolistic market formation and oligopoly market formation. All the features of all the market formation differs from each other. The majority of the food industry as well as retail industry exist in the perfectly competitive market formation. The features of the perfectly competitive market formation are unique and different as compared with other marketing structure. The most important part of this particular market formation is all the buyers as well as all the sellers buyers and sells a homogenous product (Brooks, Lovett Creek, 2013). The meaning of the word homogenous is any particular product, which is easily available in the market. Another part to be noted in this particular market sector the entry and exits of any par ticular firm is free. Ay firm can start a business at any point of time. In the entire United Kingdom, the options of all the buyers in the entire food retail sectors are well diversified (Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011). The majority of the challenges faced by the entire retail firm are in the perfectly competitive market formation. The purchasing as well as the buying decisions of the buyers in this particular market is more diversified. If any particular group of buyers is not satisfied with any particular product of any particular brand, the entire group of customers will easily shift to the next best alternative brand in order to fulfill the requirements. The business strategies need to be develop properly in order to meet the requirements. Some of the most important business strategies are mentioned below (Lackmann, Ernstberger Stich, 2011). Pricing Strategies Pricing Strategy is one of the most important strategies in the entire marketing structure. The mode of pricing strategy can be considered to be an important issue for the given business organizations. Different kinds of firms adopt different kinds of pricing strategies. There are many kinds of factors, which are involved in the pricing strategies (Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012). The most important factor, which is involved in the entire pricing strategy, is the customer buying decision (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). The pricing factors influence the entire purchasing decision of the customers. Goddy Mill is a particular company, which exits in the perfectly competitive market formation (Kubacki Rundle-Thiele, 2012). This particular company needs to construct all the strategies mainly the pricing strategies by analyzing the demand and supply of the market. The entire food retail management in the United Kingdom exits in the perfectly competitive market formation (Schneible, 2015). Different kinds of Customers spending in food and retail sector Food Items Percentage of uses Groceries 56% Home Cooking 42% Outside Eating 34% Vacation Travel 41% Table 1: Customers spending in food and retail sector (Source: Developed by the Author) Figure 2: Customers spending in food and retail sector (Source : Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012) To avoid the strategic business issue of the firm, there is several business strategies, that the firm can implement. These are as follows:- Consumer Behavior strategies There are different kinds of Consumer Decision strategies are implemented in by this particular company in this market formation (Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012). There are many factors, which effects the buying decisions of the customers. In a perfectly competitive market formation all, the options of the buyers are diversified (Kotler, Kartajaya Hooi, 2007). There are different kinds of customer demands and wants in the entire marketing structure. On the other hand, it is not possible for every seller to fulfill all the demands and wants of each buyer at a single point if time (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). The majority of the firms including this particular company need to develop all the strategies as per the requirements of the buyers and the market (Lilleker, 2013). Customer Retention Strategies In a perfectly competitive market, structure the majority of the challenges faced by all the companies to maintain the customer retention policy (Palmer, 2011). As mentioned in a perfectly competitive market formation the majority of the buyers get all the purchasing option in a much-diversified manner (Caudevilla-Galligo et al., 2012). The pricing decision is made as per the demands and supply of the market. The concept of customer retention policy is the concept of repurchasing (Thorson Duffy, 2012). The majority of the company including Goddy mills tries to follow unique features in order to maintain the customer retention policy in the market (Harden Heyman, 2011). In order to maintain a proper customer retention policy the firms adopt the different kinds of research work as well as different kinds of research methodology in order to gather the complete information about the demand and supply of the market (Harden Heyman, 2011). In a particular market, there are different kind s of customers demands and different kinds of customers want. On the other hand, it is not possible for each firm to meet all the requirements of the customers as the demand of the are in continuous manner (Kotler, Kartajaya Hooi, 2007). All the decisions and all the requirements should be made by Goddy Mills in order to maintain a good customer retention policy and to construct the entire marketing plans as per the requirements of the market (Lilleker, 2013). Challenges and major issues in the corporate business management Challenges are the integrated part of every business. Depending upon the nature of the business different minds of challenges and barriers occurs in an organization (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). There are different kinds of challenges faced by the company in a market (Daniel, 2012). Some of the major challenges, which are faced by all the companies, in general are discussed in a much-diversified manner. Integrity and change management Integrity means gathering all the activities of the activities in the organization by maintaining all the resources of the organization and by following all the laws and ethics (von der Heidt Quazi, 2013). Due to increase in the level of competition, it is not possible for all the companies to maintain all the rules and regulations of the organization by following all the ethics of the organization. It is one of the major challenges faced by all the companies in the modern day business and proceedings (McKinley, 2012). Increase in the level of competition The second major problem in the increase in number of firms doing similar kinds of business in the market. This particular assignment is based on the retail management and food industries. All the firms who are involved in this particular business all exits in the perfectly competitive market formation. The features of the perfectly competitive market formation are unique and different for each other (Daniel, 2012). Different kinds of challenges faced by the companies in this particular market formation. The level of competition is much higher as compared with kinds of market formation. It becomes very difficult for all the companies to maintain the same level of business (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Maintaining customer Loyalty and customer services In a perfectly competitive market formation, there are different kinds of problems faced by the business firm in order to continue business. The options of the buyers are more diversified in this particular market formation (Harden Heyman, 2011). Maintaining the customer retention policy is the major challenge faced by the company. In order to maintain a strong customer retention policy the company needs to arrange all the policies of the business according to the requirements of the customers. If the customers are satisfied with the service of the company the company will surly able to maintain a customer retention policy. Customer Loyalty is the most important factor in the entire market (Daniel, 2012). Every company wants to develop different kinds of unique business strategies in order to maintain a good customer retention policy (McKinley, 2012). Rationale and creativity of the company This particular case study mainly deals with all the products and services of Goddy Mills. Goddy Mills is one of the most popular food and retail chain management in the entire United Kingdom. Generally, all the food industry and food sector management falls under the perfectly competitive market formation (Eid, 2013). The features of the perfectly competitive market formation are unique as well as different from each other. There are different kinds of corporate strategies are developed by the business firm in order to compete in the market. In a perfectly competitive market formation all the buyers and sellers buys and sells different kinds of homogenous products (Murphy, Laczniak Prothero, 2012). The meaning of the word homogenous is any kinds of products are easily available in the entire market (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Different kinds of major challenges that every business firms faced in the daily proceedings of the business are discussed in a much-diversified manner in this particular assignment. Most importantly, the demographic factors are mentioned in a much-diversified manner, which will help all the major companies to conclude about the taste and preferences of the market (Murphy, Laczniak Prothero, 2012). This particular case study as well as this particular assignment will help different companies in order to construct different plans and proceedings in the entire marketing structures (Tieman Che Ghazali, 2013). Organizational Structure Organizational Structure and Processes, Information systems and the management of relationships are important to organize for strategic success. The structure of an organization should be clear and its best structure depends upon its member. It helps to organize for strategic success. The structure of an organization helps to increase its productivity, increase employee satisfaction as well as improve the operating costs. It allows identifying the positions within an organization (Camenisch Gro, 2012). The processes of the organization categorize a team to support the structure in place for efficient execution of strategy. It makes a shared understanding of the existing realism to ground the strategic discussion as well as process in realism. Information system is the crucial factor in the process of handling the problems and making decisions (He, Song and Chaudhry, 2013). The structure of the organization balances the complexity of the strategy with the challenges in its implementation. One of the successful tools is to be considered available to the company to its structure of the organizations (He, Song Chaudhry, 2013). The priorities of the strategy are to be reflected in the structure of the organization. The strategy requires centralized control and decentralized its flexibility. It designed to encourage the development of the product and generates its competence through consistency. The configuration of the organization designed to maintain the priorities that are necessary by the strategy (Krlak Strumio, 2011). A major modification in the strategy accomplishes by its change in its structure. From the viewpoint of information system, it is necessary to remember the areas of the activity of the business that contribute to the successful of the strategy. The corporate governance, development of product as well as marketing plays an important role in the strategic ways that it must be one domain of activity that are the sources of the success of strategy (Kuznetsov, 2014). These all are the dependent on the effective information system and it manages the information related to business. Mainly, the relationship between the information system as well as the management helps to build a good strategy for the organization. Information system provides the management as well as other personnel up to date information regarding the performance of the organization such as the companys current inventory as well as its sales (Lima, Sali Kostic, 2013). Specially, the information system is designed within an organization to capture and transmit its information that is used in more proce ss of the business. The strategic information system develops the business initiatives. It intends to give competitive advantage in the organization. It helps the company to store and transfer the information they create (Wen, 2014). It offers the company the tools to help in their information repositories, also allows them to recognize the growth in opportunities and improves their operational efficiency. The management information system is the key factor to facilitate its efficient decision-making within an organization (Yuan Akey, 2013). It extends that the information system implements a successful decisions in the company. The management also distracts from its strategy by the chances that repeatedly explode. Therefore, the relationship among the information system as well as the management of the company helps to build a good strategy for the organization (ZHANG, 2012). This particular assignment mainly deals with the business policy of the f(Tieman Che Ghazali, 2013). This particular company mainly deals with retail and food industry management in entire United Kingdom (Eid, 2013). This particular company falls under the perfectly competitive market formation. There are different kinds of corporate challenges faced by this particular company. Different kinds of innovative and strategic decisions are made by the companies in order to develop different kinds of business strategies, which will help to compete in the market and to find different kinds solutions to solve some specific market problems (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Conclusion This particular assignment mainly deals with a company named as Goddy Mills. Different kinds of invocative policies are developed by this particular company in order to compete in the market. The features of the perfectly competitive market formation in this particular market formation. Different kinds of corporate challenges as well as corporate strategies are mentioned in this particular assignment. This particular assignment will help this particular company in order to develop different kinds of strategies and market polices in order to compete in the market. Reference List Baines, P., Fill, C., Page, K. (2011).Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brooks, M., Lovett, J., Creek, S. (2013).Developing B2B social communities. [Place of publication not identified]: CA Technologies Press. Caudevilla-Galligo, F., Riba, J., Ventura, M., Gonzalez, D., Farre, M., Barbanoj, M., Bouso, J. (2012). 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): presence in the recreational drug market in Spain, pattern of use and subjective effects.Journal Of Psychopharmacology,26(7), 1026-1035. doi:10.1177/0269881111431752 Daniel, S. (2012).Principles of marketing. [S.l.]: Kendall Hunt. Eid, R. (2013).Managing customer trust, satisfaction, and loyalty through information communication technologies. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Harden, L., Heyman, B. (2011).Marketing by the numbers. New York: AMACOM-American Management Association. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2012).Principles of marketing. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. Kotler, P., Kartajaya, H., Hooi, D. (2007).Think ASEAN!. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. Kubacki, K., Rundle-Thiele, S.Contemporary issues in social marketing. Lackmann, J., Ernstberger, J., Stich, M. (2011). Market Reactions to Increased Reliability of Sustainability Information.J Bus Ethics,107(2), 111-128. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1026-3 Lilleker, D. (2013). Political marketing: Principles and applications.Journal Of Marketing Management,29(11-12), 1432-1434. doi:10.1080/0267257x.2013.832053 McKinley, M. (2012).Ethics in marketing and communications. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Murphy, P., Laczniak, E., Prothero, A. (2012).Ethics in marketing. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Palmer, A. (2011).Principles of services marketing. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Schneible, R. (2015). Information transfer and firm-level strategy.Accounting Finance, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/acfi.12112 Smith, N., Murphy, P. (2012).Marketing ethics. Los Angeles: SAGE. Stevens, S. (2007). Applying CMMI and Strategy to ATE Development.IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag.,10(4), 38-43. doi:10.1109/mim.2007.4291221 Thorson, E., Duffy, M. (2012).Advertising age. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tieman, M., Che Ghazali, M. (2013). Principles in halal purchasing.Journal Of Islamic Marketing,4(3), 281-293. doi:10.1108/jima-01-2012-0004 von der Heidt, T., Quazi, A. (2013). Enhancing learning-centeredness in marketing principles curriculum.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),21(4), 250-258. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.08.005 Camenisch, J., Gro, T. (2012). Efficient Attributes for Anonymous Credentials.ACM Transactions On Information And System Security,15(1), 1-30. He, S., Song, R., Chaudhry, S. (2013). Service-oriented intelligent group decision support system: Application in transportation management.Information Systems Frontiers,16(5), 939-951. Krlak, A., Strumio, P. (2011). Eye-blink detection system for humancomputer interaction.Universal Access In The Information Society,11(4), 409-419. Kuznetsov, S. (2014). ANTI-CRISIS STRATEGY EXECUTION AT A FUNCTIONAL LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT.Jour, (3), 82. Lima, C., Sali, A., Kostic, M. (2013). Celebrating 20 Years of Structure.Structure,21(9), 1477-1478. Wen, M. (2014). EKM: An Efficient Key Management Scheme for AMI System in the Smart Grid.J. Inf. Comput. Sci.,11(15), 5471-5478. Yuan, S., Akey, C. (2013). Apoptosome Structure, Assembly, and Procaspase Activation.Structure,21(4), 501-515. ZHANG, Y. (2012). Cloudow: A SaaS runtime system based on the user-level virtu-alization technology.Scientia Sinica Informationis,42(3), 253.